{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:13Z","timestamp":1760059453014,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01NS129742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS129742"]}]},{"name":"International Association for the Study of Pain (Early Career Research Grant)","award":["R01NS129742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS129742"]}]},{"name":"International Headache Society (Research into Headache in Children and Adolescents Seed Funding Grant)","award":["R01NS129742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS129742"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Venipuncture is a painful and distress-inducing procedure, especially in adolescents. However, the effect of stress on venipuncture pain remains unclear. This study investigated the relationships between stress (venipuncture-related and general stress) and venipuncture pain intensity and unpleasantness, hypothesizing that higher stress levels would be associated with greater pain levels. Methods: Forty-two adolescents (five boys, mean age 12.2 \u00b1 1.4) participated in the study, which included completing questionnaires and a blood draw. General stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Before the blood draw, participants were asked to rate their venipuncture-related stress level using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Following venipuncture, participants rated their pain intensity and pain unpleasantness using the VAS. Nineteen participants returned for a similar study visit after 1 year. Regression models were used to assess the relationships between pain and stress. In addition, correlations were used to examine the relationships between baseline and 1-year follow-up stress and pain levels. Results: Only baseline venipuncture stress, but not general stress, was related to venipuncture pain intensity (estimate (SE) = 0.185 (0.046), t-ratio = 4.00, p &lt; 0.001) and pain unpleasantness (estimate (SE) = 0.378 (0.116), t-ratio = 3.27, p = 0.002). Baseline stress levels were related to stress levels at 1-year follow-up. However, this was not found for pain levels. In addition, stress at baseline did not impact pain levels at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: General stress may be different from venipuncture stress, with the latter having a greater influence on venipuncture pain. Developing interventions focused on reducing stress related to venipuncture in adolescents could assist in reducing pain and increase willingness to undergo needle procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1750082591000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Stress in Venipuncture Pain in Adolescents: Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Ademuyiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7051-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wu-Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-381X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadas","family":"Nahman-Averbuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.026","article-title":"Prevalence of pain and fear as barriers to vaccination in children\u2014Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Taddio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13818","article-title":"The fear of needles: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"McLenon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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