{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:22:20Z","timestamp":1777422140416,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Congenital hepatic hemangiomas (CHHs) are typically considered rapidly involuting tumors, similar to their cutaneous counterparts (RICHs). However, non-involuting tumors remain poorly characterized. This study examines the evolutionary patterns and management strategies for non-involuting congenital hepatic hemangiomas (NICHHs). Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of clinical, imaging, histological, and genetic data of children diagnosed with NICHH\u2014defined as showing no signs of involution for at least 18 months\u2014between 1991 and 2022. Results: Seven patients (five females, two males) were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 42 days (range: 0\u20131440). Five patients had asymptomatic lesions, predominantly located in the right hepatic lobe. Histologic confirmation was available in three cases, and a GNAQ gene mutation was identified in one. The median follow-up period was 75 months (range: 35\u2013191). Three patients with giant NICHH were treated with sirolimus, resulting in partial response in two cases and lesion stabilization in one. The four untreated patients showed diverse evolutionary patterns, including delayed involution and tardive growth. Conclusions: NICHH lesions demonstrate distinct long-term evolution. Accurate diagnosis and regular monitoring are essential to avoid unnecessary interventions. Sirolimus may offer a promising non-surgical treatment for select patients, particularly those with giant lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12070893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1751887167000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-Involuting Congenital Hepatic Hemangioma: Lessons from a Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Estefan\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8176-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Triana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Amor\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Gaspar-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Parc Taul\u00ed, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Jes\u00fas","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Velayos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"San Basilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson M.","family":"Buitrago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Parr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ane","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Oliveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Paz Children\u2019s University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i10.1316","article-title":"Pediatric vascular tumors of the liver: Review from the pathologist\u2019s point of view","volume":"13","author":"Cordier","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. 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