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The objective was to explore the effect of immediate parent\u2013infant skin-to-skin contact at very preterm birth on cognition, motor, social, and language development during the two first years. Methods: The Immediate Parent-Infant Skin-To-Skin Study (IPISTOSS) was a clinical trial with inclusions between April 2018 to June 2021, in three Scandinavian neonatal intensive care units. Infants were randomised at gestational age 28 + 0 to 32 + 6 weeks plus days, to immediate and continuous skin-to-skin contact at birth or conventional care, during the first six hours of life. Results: At three months, 42 infants underwent a General Movement Assessment. At four and 12 months, 69 and 62 infants, respectively, were assessed with the Alberta Motor Infant Scale. At 24 months, language and cognition were tested in 62 infants with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition. Parents completed the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers for 57 infants. There were no significant differences in motor development, cognition, or autism spectrum disorders. A significant difference in language scores in favour of immediate skin-to-skin contact, was found, when adjusted for fathers\u2019 education, mothers\u2019 education, and infants\u2019 sex, Beta (95% CI): 32.00 (7.57, 56.43) p = 0.01, 11.51 (8.94, 55.06) p = 0.007, and 32.00 (7.85, 56.15) p = 0.01, respectively. Conclusions: Skin-to-skin contact immediately at birth did not enhance cognition, motor, or social development during the first two years of life but may have been important for language skills. Our findings support the World Health Organisation guidelines recommending iSSC for preterm born infants in all settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12080986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:50:03Z","timestamp":1753714203000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immediate Skin-to-Skin Contact at Very Preterm Birth and Neurodevelopment the First Two Years: Secondary Outcomes from a Randomised Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoline","family":"Lode-Kolz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wibke","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne Brit","family":"Hetland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Helene","family":"Hovland Insteb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Tokvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9458-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri","family":"Lilliesk\u00f6ld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 17100 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9644-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stina","family":"Klemming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund-Malm\u00f6 NIDCAP Training and Research Centre, Department of Neonatology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 22242 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Linn\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 17100 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"\u00c5d\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 17100 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4305-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siren","family":"Rettedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Simulation-Based Learning, Stavanger University Hospital, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16753","article-title":"Preterm birth in the Nordic countries-Capacity, management and outcome in neonatal 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