{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:01:14Z","timestamp":1784613674295,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial hypertrophy (MH) represents a complex and heterogeneous condition in the pediatric and young adult population. While rare in children, MH encompasses a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological entities, ranging from transient hypertrophy in the infants of diabetic mothers to progressive genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCM) with significant morbidity and mortality. Differential diagnosis is critical, as many phenocopies\u2014including metabolic, mitochondrial, and syndromic diseases\u2014can mimic HCM. Echocardiography remains the first-line imaging modality, with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and molecular diagnostics increasingly used for detailed characterization. Risk stratification tools, such as the HCM Risk-Kids model, support clinical decision-making but must be integrated with individualized assessment. Advances in prenatal screening and genetic testing have significantly improved outcomes, though long-term management requires multidisciplinary care. Understanding age-specific presentations and the underlying etiologies is essential for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cardiac hypertrophy from fetal life through young adulthood, with a focus on etiologies, diagnostic approaches, imaging modalities, and therapeutic strategies, and aims to guide clinicians through the evolving landscape of MH, emphasizing early recognition, comprehensive evaluation, and personalized care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12080989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:50:03Z","timestamp":1753714203000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Comprehensive Review from Prenatal Life to Young Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4970-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Avesani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elettra","family":"Pomiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Moscatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Paediatric Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Congenital and Familial Arrhythmias Unit, Monaldi Hospital, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Luedke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Paediatric Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalba","family":"De Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pavesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6583-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Pelaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Mastellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Congenital and Familial Arrhythmias Unit, Monaldi Hospital, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Salvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.10.020","article-title":"ACCF\/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"142","author":"Gersh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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