{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:31Z","timestamp":1787027851789,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Official data on the oral health of young children in Romania are limited, especially concerning the societal shifts following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to compare the oral health status, hygiene habits, diet, and dental care patterns of 6-year-old children in a rural Romanian region before and after the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey studied two groups of 6-year-olds from rural Transylvania: Group 1 (n = 77), assessed 2018\u20132020 pre-pandemic, and Group 2 (n = 136), assessed in 2024 post-pandemic. Clinical data used the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Parents completed questionnaires on oral hygiene, diet, dental visits, and pandemic-related topics for Group 2. Chi-square, Student\u2019s t-tests, and a multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: Post-pandemic, 70% of children brushed twice daily, up from 26%. Despite this, negative outcomes increased: the number of affected teeth rose from 6.8% to 29.6% (p &lt; 0.001), sugar intake increased, and dental visits became more reactive, with pain being the main reason for 61% of post-pandemic visits, compared to 17% pre-pandemic. Conclusions: This study reveals a significant oral health paradox: despite a three-fold increase in recommended toothbrushing, caries experience in permanent teeth increased four-fold. This outcome was driven by a high-risk environment of more cariogenic diets and reduced preventive care, with lower maternal education also identified as a key independent risk factor. These findings show that promoting hygiene alone is insufficient, underscoring the urgent need for public health programs that integrate nutritional counseling, improve access to preventive care, and address underlying socioeconomic disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12081061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:51:02Z","timestamp":1755013862000},"page":"1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["COVID-19 and Its Aftermath on Pediatric Oral Health: A Study of Dental Caries and Hygiene in Romanian Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Ilea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science & Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6373-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina-Ioana","family":"Forray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nausica Bianca","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana-Codruta","family":"Mirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Ormeni\u015fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science & Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mine Bet\u00fcl","family":"\u00dc\u00e7ta\u015fli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Melnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health in Romania, 050463 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Cancer Society, 400090 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondine Patricia","family":"Lucaciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saikia, A., Aarthi, J., Muthu, M.S., Patil, S.S., Anthonappa, R.P., Walia, T., Shahwan, M., Mossey, P., and Dominguez, M. 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