{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:51Z","timestamp":1760060331224,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","award":["BNW-1-174\/N\/3\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-174\/N\/3\/K"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objective: Thiopurines (azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)), used to maintain remission in inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (CU)) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), are responsible for a number of adverse effects. One is leukopenia, mainly due to neutropenia and less known lymphopenia. This study aimed to assess the incidence rate of lymphopenia in pediatric patients with CD, CU, and AIH treated with azathioprine (AZA) and to evaluate the impact of lymphopenia on the occurrence of opportunistic infections and its relationship with disease activity, treatment, and nutritional status. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out in ninety-eight (98) paediatric patients, suffering from CD, CU, or AIH and treated with AZA, in order to assay blood cell count and thiopurine metabolite levels, assess the mean AZA dose, measure the anthropometric parameters, evaluate disease activity vs. the treatment administered, and to find out concomitant infections. Results: Lymphopenia was diagnosed in twenty-two (22) children and evaluated as severe in two (2) cases, which were associated with treatment discontinuation. The percentage of patients with lymphopenia in the CD group (34.5%) was significantly higher vs. the CU (3.7%) and AIH (7.7%) groups. The prevalence rates of the patients with low and moderate-to-high disease activity were 13.9% and 46.1%, respectively. The patients with lymphopenia demonstrated higher prevalence rates of mild respiratory tract and skin infections (identified in 32%). No cases of opportunistic infections were reported. Conclusions: Lymphopenia affected approximately one-quarter of the patients observed, the condition being transient in most cases and not demanding any therapy modifications. In no case was it associated with the occurrence of any opportunistic infections. It was significantly more common in the patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and the subgroup with a more intense course of the disease, obviously suggesting a need for more frequent follow-up of the patients in those subgroups. The AZA therapy did not seem to be associated with lymphopenia occurrence in any significant way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12081093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:18:14Z","timestamp":1755695894000},"page":"1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Azathioprine-Associated Lymphopenia Incidence Rates in Polish Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"B\u0105k-Drabik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9506-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kaput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Students Association, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jarzumbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"G\u00f3rowska-Kowolik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szymlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Krzywicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital No. 1, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9557-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6764-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Kwiecie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6gelin, M., Biedermann, L., Frei, P., Vavricka, S.R., Scharl, S., Zeitz, J., Sulz, M.C., Fried, M., Rogler, G., and Scharl, M. 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