{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:28Z","timestamp":1760060428606,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is a clinical condition primarily characterized by inattention, hypoactivity, and mind-wandering, which has not yet been recognized as an official diagnostic category. Although there are overlaps between CDS and ADHD, evidence supports the semi-independence of CDS from the ADHD-Inattentive subtype. Importantly, while the impact of ADHD on parenting styles has been studied, no previous research has investigated the potential influence of CDS difficulties on parenting behaviors. Both CDS and ADHD are associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, which are influenced by negative parenting styles. The severity of ADHD is known to predict the use of dysfunctional parenting patterns; however, no studies have yet investigated how CDS difficulties might affect parenting styles. Due to the similarities between CDS and ADHD, it is reasonable to hypothesize a similar relationship. This study aims to examine the potential mediating role of parenting styles\u2014both negative and positive\u2014in the relationship between CDS difficulties and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Methods: The sample is composed of 369 Italian school-aged children (9.38 \u00b1 2.34 years old). Parents reported on their children\u2019s psychopathology, CDS difficulties, and their own parenting strategies. Results: Analyses conducted using Hayes\u2019 PROCESS tool indicated that only negative parenting styles partially mediated the relationship between CDS difficulties and parent-reported youth anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of interventions aimed at both addressing CDS in children and improving parenting strategies to enhance youth psychopathological outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12091134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:34Z","timestamp":1756309774000},"page":"1134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mediational Patterns of Parenting Styles Between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Difficulties and Youth Psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Giani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child & Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6601-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child & Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child & Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"De Giuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child & Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-5278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Caputi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via E. Weiss, 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5978-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Scaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child & Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Cliniche Italiane di Psicoterapia Et\u00e0 Evolutiva, Gruppo Studi Cognitivi, Corso San Gottardo 5, 20143 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023961","article-title":"Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults","volume":"121","author":"Barkley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.07.821","article-title":"Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9643-6","article-title":"Factor Structure of a Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale in Clinically-Referred Children","volume":"40","author":"Jacobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016600","article-title":"Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: Content validity, factor structure, and reliability","volume":"21","author":"Penny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9719-y","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children: Factor Structure and Relations to Internalizing Symptoms, Social Problems, and Observed Behavioral Dysregulation","volume":"42","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036276","article-title":"Are sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness distinct constructs?","volume":"26","author":"Langberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9714-3","article-title":"Validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptom Dimension in Children: Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD-Inattention as Distinct Symptom Dimensions","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000671","article-title":"Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9800-6","article-title":"The Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and its Relation with DSM\u2013IV ADHD","volume":"42","author":"Willcutt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.12.006","article-title":"The Internal, External, and Diagnostic Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review","volume":"55","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9825-x","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Abnormal Child Psychology: An Historical Overview and Introduction to the Special Section","volume":"42","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.734259","article-title":"Distinguishing Sluggish Cognitive Tempo From ADHD in Children and Adolescents: Executive Functioning, Impairment, and Comorbidity","volume":"42","author":"Barkley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Similarities and differences of neuropsychological functions, metacognitive abilities and resilience in Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)","volume":"27","author":"Buran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000442718.82527.cd","article-title":"The Second Attention Disorder? Sluggish Cognitive Tempo vs. Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Update for Clinicians","volume":"20","author":"Saxbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9758-4","article-title":"Social and Academic Impairment in Youth with ADHD, Predominately Inattentive Type and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo","volume":"42","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13149","article-title":"Do sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms improve with school-based ADHD interventions? Outcomes and predictors of change","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.02.007","article-title":"Sluggish cognitive tempo and peer functioning in school-aged children: A six-month longitudinal study","volume":"217","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1286595","article-title":"Honing in on the Social Difficulties Associated with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Withdrawal, Peer Ignoring, and Low Engagement","volume":"48","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"29","article-title":"Social Functioning in Youth with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo","volume":"92","author":"Ferretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585589","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.585589","article-title":"Examining the Role of Attention Deficits in the Social Problems and Withdrawn Behavior of Children with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Yung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00810-3","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Neuropsychological Functioning","volume":"49","author":"Creque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22406","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is Associated with Poorer Study Skills, More Executive Functioning Deficits, and Greater Impairment in College Students: Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and College Student Adjustment","volume":"73","author":"Flannery","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1225707","article-title":"Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers?","volume":"24","author":"Tamm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714527794","article-title":"Does Emotion Dysregulation Mediate the Association Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and College Students\u2019 Social Impairment?","volume":"20","author":"Flannery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0281-x","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Processing Speed, and Internalizing Symptoms: The Moderating Effect of Age","volume":"46","author":"Jacobson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12946","article-title":"Differential impact of trait sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention in early childhood on adolescent functioning","volume":"59","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221114602","article-title":"Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo) and Social Withdrawal: Advancing a Conceptual Model to Guide Future Research","volume":"27","author":"Fredrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.20517\/jtgg.2023.51","article-title":"Exploring the comorbidity between internalizing\/externalizing dimensions and cognitive disengagement syndrome through twin studies: A narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Amico","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.016","article-title":"Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in relation to task-unrelated thought: Examining unique links with mind-wandering and rumination","volume":"123","author":"Fredrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1630836","article-title":"Initial Examination of the Bidirectional Associations between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Internalizing Symptoms in Children","volume":"50","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12002","DOI":"10.1111\/jcv2.12002","article-title":"Field of daydreams? Integrating mind wandering in the study of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD","volume":"1","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCPP Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.113","article-title":"Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework","volume":"17","author":"Christoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-023-00277-6","article-title":"Sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms cooccurring with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"30","author":"Uytun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Middle East Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.838771","article-title":"Distinctions Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, ADHD-IN, and Depression Symptom Dimensions in Spanish First-Grade Children","volume":"42","author":"Burns","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JACP.0000037779.85211.29","article-title":"The Relation Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and DSM-IV ADHD","volume":"32","author":"Hartman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1004680","article-title":"Longitudinal Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD-Inattention Symptom Dimensions with Spanish Children","volume":"45","author":"Servera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2019.1697746","article-title":"ADHD symptoms in relation to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children: The mediating role of sluggish cognitive tempo","volume":"74","author":"Sevincok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.14744\/DAJPNS.2023.00225","article-title":"Examination of symptoms related to cognitive disengagement syndrome in a clinical cohort of school-aged children","volume":"36","author":"Yildirim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dusunen Adam J. Psychiatry Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01029-0","article-title":"A Twin Study of the Relationships between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and Anxiety Phenotypes in Childhood and Adolescence","volume":"51","author":"Scaini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0456-z","article-title":"Risk Factors for Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in the Preschool Years: Systematic Literature Review Based on the Child Behavior Checklist 1\u00bd\u20135","volume":"25","author":"Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1065-7","article-title":"Differential parenting and risk for psychopathology: A monozygotic twin difference approach","volume":"50","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.593","article-title":"Parenting and child behaviour problems: A longitudinal analysis of non-shared environment","volume":"18","author":"Mullineaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-022-10125-8","article-title":"Differences in Parenting Behavior are Systematic Sources of the Non-shared Environment for Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behavior","volume":"53","author":"Nikstat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327922PAR0201_1","article-title":"Authoritative and Authoritarian Mothers\u2019 Parenting Goals, Attributions, and Emotions Across Different Childrearing Contexts","volume":"2","author":"Coplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parenting"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorostiaga, A., Aliri, J., and Balluerka, N. (2019). Lameirinhas. Parenting Styles and Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173192"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000295","article-title":"Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Pinquart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0798-1","article-title":"Family Impact and Parenting Styles in Families of Children with ADHD","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-012-9692-z","article-title":"Bidirectional Effects of Parenting Quality and Child Externalizing Behavior in Predominantly Single Parent, Under-Resourced African American Families","volume":"23","author":"Pearl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709356171","article-title":"Child ADHD Severity and Positive and Negative Parenting as Predictors of Child Social Functioning: Evaluation of Three Theoretical Models","volume":"15","author":"Kaiser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2005.00300.x","article-title":"Family factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional disorders in children","volume":"27","author":"Lange","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fam. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2005.00382.x","article-title":"Parenting Practices of Mothers of Children with ADHD: The Role of Maternal and Child Factors","volume":"11","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1264-4","article-title":"Maternal Parenting Style and Internalizing and ADHD Symptoms in College Students","volume":"28","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"121","article-title":"Misurare le pratiche genitoriali: L\u2019Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ)","volume":"7","author":"Benedetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disturbi Attenzione Iperattivit\u00e0"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0291-7","article-title":"Factor Analysis of the Italian Version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire in a Community Sample","volume":"25","author":"Esposito","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Burns, G.L., Lee, S., Servera, M., McBurnett, K., and Becker, S.P. (2015). Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory\u2014Parent Version 1.0, Authors."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901309010051","article-title":"Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI): A New Instrument for Epidemiological Studies and Pre-Clinical Evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Cianchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","article-title":"Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Card. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"R Core Team (2025, August 01). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/reference\/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1787696."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.09.002","article-title":"Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"McLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X17710286","article-title":"Establishing specific links between parenting styles and the s-anxieties in children: Separation, social, and school","volume":"39","author":"Yaffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.03.001","article-title":"Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"McLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.11.007","article-title":"Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03110-1","article-title":"The association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems: A test of parenting style as a mediating pathway","volume":"42","author":"Maciver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"593","article-title":"What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence","volume":"42","author":"Waller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9219-7","article-title":"Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence","volume":"36","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13129","article-title":"Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children: A randomized controlled trial of a parenting program in South Africa to prevent harsh parenting and child conduct problems","volume":"61","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/9\/1134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:33:56Z","timestamp":1760034836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/9\/1134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["children12091134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12091134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]}}}