{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:30:41Z","timestamp":1769524241575,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing technologies are increasingly used in pediatric surgery, offering improved anatomical visualization, surgical planning, and personalized approaches to complex conditions. Compared to standard imaging, patient-specific 3D models\u2014virtual or printed\u2014provide a more intuitive spatial understanding of congenital anomalies, tumors, and vascular anomalies. This review compiles evidence from pediatric surgical fields including oncology, abdominal, and thoracic surgery, highlighting the clinical relevance of 3D applications. The technological workflow\u2014from image segmentation to computer-aided design (CAD) modeling and multimaterial printing\u2014is described, emphasizing accuracy, reproducibility, and integration into hospital systems. Several clinical cases are presented: neuroblastoma, cloacal malformation, conjoined twins, and two cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (one with congenital pulmonary airway malformation, CPAM). In each, 3D modeling enhanced anatomical clarity, increased surgeon confidence, and supported safer intraoperative decision-making. Models also improved communication with families and enabled effective multidisciplinary planning. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, such as production time, cost variability, and lack of standardization. Future directions include artificial intelligence-based automation, expanded use of virtual and mixed reality, and prospective validation studies in pediatric cohorts. Overall, 3D modeling represents a significant advance in pediatric precision surgery, with growing evidence supporting its safety, clinical utility, and educational value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12091202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:15:17Z","timestamp":1757420117000},"page":"1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical Impact of Patient-Specific 3D Models in Neonatal Surgery: A Case-Based Review of Applications and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Gir\u00f3n-Vallejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgen de la Arrixaca Children\u2019s Hospital, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Garcia-Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3 Sanitaria Parc Taul\u00ed, 08208 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9148-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidoro","family":"Narbona-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7045-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Siles-Hinojosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Murcia-Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reina Sof\u00eda University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moutasem","family":"Azzubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah Specialized Chidren\u2019s Hospital, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Gorriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Viedma R8500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Garcia-Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgen de la Arrixaca Children\u2019s Hospital, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7718-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pi\u00f1ero-Madrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgen de la Arrixaca Children\u2019s Hospital, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Krauel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgery and 3D4H Unit, SJD Barcelona Children\u2019s Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2024.151385","article-title":"3D printing in pediatric surgery","volume":"33","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. 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