{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:35:56Z","timestamp":1770140156253,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03HD10181901A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD10181901A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Early parenting can influence child self-regulatory skills, which are in turn linked to allostatic load (AL)\u2014a predictor of future morbidity and mortality. However, this mechanistic pathway from early parenting to later AL has not been tested using longitudinal data. Methods: We analyzed longitudinal data (N = 1364) from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development to examine relationships between early childhood (ages 2\u20133) observed parenting behaviors (i.e., autonomy support, supportive presence and hostility) and a comprehensive index of adolescent (age 15) AL, and assessed delay of gratification (at 54 months) as a mediator and moderator of these associations. Results: Maternal supportive presence and hostility in early childhood were directly associated with adolescent AL. All three early childhood parenting behaviors were associated with delay of gratification at 54 months. There was no evidence of mediation or moderation. Conclusions: The findings suggest the important role of early parenting behaviors in predicting long-term AL outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12091203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:15:17Z","timestamp":1757420117000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early Parenting Effects on Childhood Delay of Gratification and Adolescent Allostatic Load"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Leonard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, 1655 Alder Street, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atika","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, 1655 Alder Street, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Kosty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, 1600 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22107","article-title":"Allostatic load: Developmental and conceptual considerations in a multi-system physiological indicator of chronic stress exposure","volume":"63","author":"Doan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. 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