{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:29:56Z","timestamp":1784917796884,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Spinal solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are a rare oncological entity, almost anecdotal in the pediatric population. They have a high relapse rate and represent an ongoing oncological challenge. Methods: In this article, we conducted a systematic review starting from a case report to highlight the current state of the art in managing these tumors. Results: Spinal solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare, slow-growing neoplasms that can be either intra- or extramedullary. Only a limited number of studies focus on primary pediatric spinal cord localization. Five pediatric cases of spinal SFT have been documented in the literature. On MRI, they typically present as highly vascularized, contrast-enhancing masses. Histologically, they are composed of spindle-shaped cells within a collagenous stroma featuring staghorn-shaped blood vessels. More aggressive subtypes, such as dedifferentiated SFTs, resemble high-grade sarcomas. The NAB2\u2013STAT6 fusion is a key marker, driving EGFR signaling, collagen production, and fibrosis. Additional diagnostic markers include CD34, CD99, and Bcl-2. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment. In metastatic cases, chemotherapy\u2014mainly with anthracyclines, dacarbazine, or temozolomide\u2014is employed, although no standardized pediatric protocols exist. Anti-angiogenic agents, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have shown promise. Radiotherapy is used postoperatively for local disease control, but its impact on survival is still under investigation. Conclusions: Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment, significantly impacting the natural history of the disease and symptom control. While clinical trials exploring radiotherapy and chemotherapy are ongoing in adults, no specific treatment protocol has been established for pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12091214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:04:55Z","timestamp":1757505895000},"page":"1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pediatric Spinal Solitary Fibrous Tumor: A Systematic Review of a Rare Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Trezza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara B.","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Chiaravalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Biassoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Schiavello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Vennarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Radiotherapy, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0170-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio G.","family":"Carrabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Massimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9033-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo G.","family":"Giussani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700220103","article-title":"Primary neoplasms of the pleura. A report of five cases","volume":"22","author":"Klemperer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33057","article-title":"Incidence of extrameningeal solitary fibrous tumors","volume":"126","author":"Kinslow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2787-7","article-title":"Solitary-fibrous tumor\/hemangiopericytoma of the central nervous system: A population-based study","volume":"138","author":"Kinslow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.241365","article-title":"Meningeal solitary fibrous tumor\/hemangiopericytoma: Emphasizing on STAT 6 immunohistochemistry with a review of literature","volume":"66","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32911","article-title":"Extrameningeal solitary fibrous tumors-surgery alone or surgery plus perioperative radiotherapy: A retrospective study from the global solitary fibrous tumor initiative in collaboration with the Sarcoma Patients EuroNet","volume":"126","author":"Haas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"9706825","article-title":"Unique Presentation and Management Approach of Pleural Solitary Fibrous Tumor","volume":"2019","author":"Aridi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2017.04.026","article-title":"Comparison and evaluation of risk factors for meningeal, pleural, and extrapleural solitary fibrous tumors: A clinicopathological study of 92 cases confirmed by STAT6 immunohistochemical staining","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.01.026","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura: Results of surgical treatment and long-term prognosis","volume":"138","author":"Nichols","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"304","article-title":"A huge solitary fibrous tumor localized in the pancreas: A young women","volume":"13","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/prilozi-2016-0024","article-title":"Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pancreas: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"37","author":"Spasevska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2010.e64","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"2","author":"Bruzzone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.83","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor: A clinicopathological study of 110 cases and proposed risk assessment model","volume":"25","author":"Demicco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.01.023","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of the head and neck","volume":"110","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473974X221098709","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X221098709","article-title":"Solitary Fibrous Tumors of the Head and Neck: A Single-Institution Study of 52 Patients","volume":"6","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199403000-00008","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit","volume":"18","author":"Dorfman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3670-1","article-title":"Head. and neck solitary fibrous tumors: A rare and challenging entity","volume":"273","author":"Hainz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e1140","article-title":"Rare Solitary Fibrous Tumor in the Pediatric Neck: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2020.1826574","article-title":"Management of meningeal solitary fibrous tumors\/hemangiopericytoma; surgery alone or surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy?","volume":"60","author":"Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/106.2.217","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of the meninges: A lesion distinct from fibrous meningioma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study","volume":"106","author":"Carneiro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"875","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of spinal solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"51","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz053","article-title":"Papillary Solitary Fibrous Tumor\/Hemangiopericytoma: An Uncommon Morphological Form With NAB2-STAT6 Gene Fusion","volume":"78","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16662","article-title":"Metastatic Patterns of Solitary Fibrous Tumors: A Single-Institution Experience","volume":"208","author":"Tirumani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-3329-3-4","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of all sites: Outcome of late recurrences in 14 patients","volume":"3","author":"Baldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Sarcoma Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.12.057","article-title":"Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Central Nervous System: Clinical and Prognostic Study of 24 Cases","volume":"99","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalifa, J., Ouali, M., Chaltiel, L., Le Guellec, S., Le Cesne, A., Blay, J.Y., Cousin, P., Chaigneau, L., Bompas, E., and Piperno-Neumann, S. (2015). Efficacy of trabectedin in malignant solitary fibrous tumors: A retrospective analysis from the French Sarcoma Group. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1697-8"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.03.017","article-title":"Response to chemotherapy of solitary fibrous tumour: A retrospective study","volume":"49","author":"Stacchiotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds143","article-title":"Sunitinib malate in solitary fibrous tumor (SFT)","volume":"23","author":"Stacchiotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26098","article-title":"Activity of temozolomide and bevacizumab in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic hemangiopericytoma and malignant solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"117","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00687-5","article-title":"RNA expression profiling reveals PRAME, a potential immunotherapy target, is frequently expressed in solitary fibrous tumors","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(98)00115-3","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of the meninges: Two new cases and review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Brunori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.284374","article-title":"An institutional review of 10 cases of spinal hemangiopericytoma\/solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"68","author":"Singla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S368381","article-title":"Pediatric Non-Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Standard of Care and Treatment Recommendations from the European Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG)","volume":"14","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.10.PEDS16279","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumors of the spine: A pediatric case report with a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Albert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. PED"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-003-0744-y","article-title":"Infantile myofibromatosis of the central nervous system","volume":"19","author":"Tamburrini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E195","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163420.33635.9F","article-title":"Spinal solitary fibrous tumors: A series of four patients: Case report","volume":"57","author":"Jallo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318219cd0b","article-title":"Malignant fat-forming solitary fibrous tumor (so-called \u2018lipomatous hemangiopericytoma\u2019): Clinicopathologic analysis of 14 cases","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2509","article-title":"Identification of recurrent NAB2-STAT6 gene fusions in solitary fibrous tumor by integrative sequencing","volume":"45","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.10.012","article-title":"How to differentiate spinal cord hemangiopericytoma from common spinal cord tumor?","volume":"66","author":"Dauleac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-021-01095-2","article-title":"The many faces of solitary fibrous tumor; diversity of histological features, differential diagnosis and role of molecular studies and surrogate markers in avoiding misdiagnosis and predicting the behavior","volume":"16","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5376-0","article-title":"Surgical management of spinal solitary fibrous tumor\/hemangiopericytoma: A case series of 20 patients","volume":"27","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Broto, J., Mondaza-Hernandez, J.L., Moura, D.S., and Hindi, N. (2021). A Comprehensive Review on Solitary Fibrous Tumor: New Insights for New Horizons. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13122913"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2012.08.006","article-title":"Heterologous osteosarcomatous and rhabdomyosarcomatous elements in dedifferentiated solitary fibrous tumor: Further support for the concept of dedifferentiation in solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"17","author":"Thway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2522","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing identifies a recurrent NAB2-STAT6 fusion in solitary fibrous tumors","volume":"45","author":"Chmielecki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22083","article-title":"Comprehensive genetic analysis identifies a pathognomonic NAB2\/STAT6 fusion gene, nonrandom secondary genomic imbalances, and a characteristic gene expression profile in solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"52","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae172","article-title":"Meningeal solitary fibrous tumor cell states phenocopy cerebral vascular development and homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Mirchia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12431","article-title":"Nuclear relocation of STAT6 reliably predicts NAB2-STAT6 fusion for the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumour","volume":"65","author":"Koelsche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.164","article-title":"Nuclear expression of STAT6 distinguishes solitary fibrous tumor from histologic mimics","volume":"27","author":"Doyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2015.70","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumors: Loss of chimeric protein expression and genomic instability mark dedifferentiation","volume":"28","author":"Dagrada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.6.4141","article-title":"Opposing actions of Stat1 and Stat6 on IL-13-induced up-regulation of early growth response-1 and platelet-derived growth factor ligands in pulmonary fibroblasts","volume":"177","author":"Ingram","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G723","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00414.2010","article-title":"Fibrosis is regulated by Th2 and Th17 responses and by dynamic interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages","volume":"300","author":"Barron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.2975","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumors: A study of 454 soft tissue tumors indicating the diagnostic value of nuclear STAT6 relocation and ALDH1 expression combined with in situ proximity ligation assay","volume":"46","author":"Ouladan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1998.00412.x","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumour: Significance of p53 and CD34 immunoreactivity in its malignant transformation","volume":"32","author":"Yokoi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manara, M.C., Pasello, M., and Scotlandi, K. (2018). CD99: A Cell Surface Protein with an Oncojanus Role in Tumors. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9030159"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"5988","article-title":"Global expression analysis of well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms using oligonucleotide microarrays","volume":"9","author":"Maitra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-10-0971","article-title":"CD99 acts as an oncosuppressor in osteosarcoma","volume":"17","author":"Manara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/28.2.86","article-title":"Frequent expression of bcl-2 protein in solitary fibrous tumors","volume":"28","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2007.03.024","article-title":"Primary solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) in the retroperitoneum","volume":"26","author":"Takizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"7","article-title":"Bcl-2 breathes life into embryogenesis","volume":"145","author":"Baer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.07.024","article-title":"The central nervous system solitary fibrous tumor: A review of clinical, imaging and pathologic findings among all reported cases from 1996 to 2010","volume":"113","author":"Fargen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896911405655","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumor of the central nervous system: Report of an additional 5 cases with comprehensive literature review","volume":"19","author":"Bisceglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1952-6","article-title":"The impact of histopathology and NAB2-STAT6 fusion subtype in classification and grading of meningeal solitary fibrous tumor\/hemangiopericytoma","volume":"137","author":"Fritchie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.02.002","article-title":"Patient-derived solitary fibrous tumour xenografts predict high sensitivity to doxorubicin\/dacarbazine combination confirmed in the clinic and highlight the potential effectiveness of trabectedin or eribulin against this tumour","volume":"76","author":"Stacchiotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyw175","article-title":"Phase 2 study of eribulin in patients with previously treated advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma","volume":"47","author":"Kawai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70230-3","article-title":"Activity of eribulin mesylate in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma: A phase 2 study in four independent histological subtypes","volume":"12","author":"Cioffi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.12.015","article-title":"Gene Expression in Solitary Fibrous Tumors (SFTs) Correlates with Anatomic Localization and NAB2-STAT6 Gene Fusion Variants","volume":"191","author":"Bieg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.3602","article-title":"Sunitinib: From rational design to clinical efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Chow","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001561","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001561","article-title":"Nivolumab and sunitinib combination in advanced soft tissue sarcomas: A multicenter, single-arm, phase Ib\/II trial","volume":"8","author":"Hindi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-009-9249-1","article-title":"Hemangiopericytoma and antiangiogenic therapy: Clinical benefit of antiangiogenic therapy (sorafenib and sunitinib) in relapsed malignant haemangioperyctoma\/solitary fibrous tumour","volume":"28","author":"Domont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13536","article-title":"Preclinical characterization of anlotinib, a highly potent and selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 inhibitor","volume":"109","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7272","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0652","article-title":"Nonclinical antiangiogenesis and antitumor activities of axitinib (AG-013736), an oral, potent, and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases 1, 2, 3","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-013-0023-z","article-title":"Sorafenib in patients with progressive malignant solitary fibrous tumors: A subgroup analysis from a phase II study of the French Sarcoma Group. (GSF\/GETO)","volume":"31","author":"Valentin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13569-015-0022-2","article-title":"Pazopanib as first line treatment for solitary fibrous tumours: The Royal Marsden Hospital experience","volume":"5","author":"Maruzzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sarcoma Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0901","article-title":"Dual targeting of EWS-FLI1 activity and the associated DNA damage response with trabectedin and SN38 synergistically inhibits Ewing sarcoma cell growth","volume":"20","author":"Grohar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0776","article-title":"Dacarbazine in solitary fibrous tumor: A case series analysis and preclinical evidence vis-a-vis temozolomide and antiangiogenics","volume":"19","author":"Stacchiotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2011.e29","article-title":"Efficacy of trabectedin in metastatic solitary fibrous tumor","volume":"3","author":"Chaigneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.04.024","article-title":"Radiation Therapy as Sole Management for Solitary Fibrous Tumors (SFT): A Retrospective Study From the Global SFT Initiative in Collaboration With the Sarcoma Patients EuroNet","volume":"101","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2021.142","article-title":"The Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy in Intracranial Solitary Fibrous Tumor\/Hemangiopericytoma: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Study (KROG 18-11)","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.11.011","article-title":"Radiotherapy in the treatment of extracranial hemangiopericytoma\/solitary fibrous tumor: Study from the Rare Cancer Network","volume":"144","author":"Krengli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/9\/1214\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:43:14Z","timestamp":1760035394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/9\/1214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["children12091214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12091214","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}}}