{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:40:23Z","timestamp":1759365623830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The acquisition of adaptive skills is critical for independence and participation in activities of daily living (ADL). While caregiver perceptions provide valuable insights, most studies on autistic participation have focused on older children and relied on one-time clinic-based assessments. As a result, little is known about how autistic toddlers function in their natural environments across time. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a real-time, context-sensitive method in which parents can report behaviors at multiple time points in the child\u2019s natural environment. This pilot study aimed to examine ADL independence in autistic toddlers compared to their typically developing (TD) peers, to assess the feasibility of using EMA in early childhood, and to compare EMA-based assessments with a one-time standardized report. Methods: 23 autistic toddlers and 28 TD toddlers (aged 18\u201340 months) participated in the study. Parents completed a one-time report on the self-care scales of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and then rated their child\u2019s independence on the WeeFIM twice a day for two weeks via their smartphones. Results: EMA was feasible with high response rates (ASD: 91.1%, TD: 88.55%). Autistic toddlers showed different participation profiles, with less independent performance in ADL compared to TD peers. In the autism group, the average EMA scores (M = 16.53, SD = 6.58) were significantly higher than the one-time WeeFIM scores (M = 13.74, SD = 5.23), t (22) = 3.23, p &lt; 0.01, suggesting underreporting in single-time assessments. In contrast, no such difference was found in the TD group. Significant positive correlations were found between the EMA mean and the one-time WeeFIM scores in both groups (r &gt; 0.80), indicating convergent validity. In the autism group only, greater variability in EMA was moderately associated with higher functional independence (r = 0.46, p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: These findings indicate that autistic toddlers demonstrated higher levels of participation in their natural environment than reflected by the one-time assessment, emphasizing the limitations of single-time-point evaluations. This underscores the importance of collecting data across multiple time points to accurately assess adaptive functioning and ADL participation. The EMA technique demonstrated in this study provides exploratory evidence of feasibility as an ecologically valid approach to assessing functional independence in autistic toddlers, offering a richer and more context-sensitive alternative to traditional one-time clinical assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:58:13Z","timestamp":1759305493000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Independence in Activities of Daily Living Among Autistic Toddlers: A Pilot Study Using Ecological Momentary Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9917-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shani","family":"Hillel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9124001, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Aaronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9124001, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafit","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9124001, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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