{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:51:55Z","timestamp":1790772715048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["NRRPD1N0231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRRPD1N0231"]}]},{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CMRPG3M2151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3M2151"]}]},{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["NMPRG3K0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMPRG3K0031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study explored how Taiwanese schoolchildren perceive the appearance of their peers with and without cleft lip and palate (CLP) and whether this perception affects social interactions. We specifically focused on early adolescents with surgically repaired CLP to assess the impact of residual craniofacial deformities. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, analyzing three-dimensional (3D) surface images of twenty patients with repaired CLP and five without. A total of 91 schoolchildren (40 with CLP, 51 without) served as raters. Participants used a Likert scale to rate images on facial appearance and perceived social acceptance. The study also measured the reliability of its questionnaires using Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Results: All participants successfully differentiated between images of children with and without CLP, though non-cleft participants had significantly better distinguishing abilities. Non-cleft raters consistently gave more positive appearance ratings to non-cleft images, a pattern less evident among cleft raters. While differences in awareness and acceptance between the two groups were not statistically significant, over half of all responses regarding social interaction were neutral. The questionnaires demonstrated high reliability, with Cronbach\u2019s alpha values greater than 0.85. Conclusions: Despite the ability to perceive residual craniofacial differences, appearance alone did not significantly affect social interactions for early adolescent children with surgically repaired CLP in Taiwan. This suggests that other factors may play a larger role in social dynamics within this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:22:08Z","timestamp":1759911728000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Role of Appearance in Peer Interactions for Early Adolescent Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Post-Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Junior","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber Paige","family":"McCranie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Daiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLAPP Hospital, Lahore 54840, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Lung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin-Ru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Heng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Chen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pang-Yun","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1606-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lun-Jou","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2454-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Prantl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3258-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lonic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau\u00df-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"MCLINIC Interdisciplinary Specialist Centre, Am Sch\u00fctzeneck 8, 81241 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"Incidence of cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip and palate among races: A review","volume":"24","author":"Vanderas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2015.10.003","article-title":"Time trend of incidence rates of cleft lip\/palate in Taiwan from 1994 to 2013","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. 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