{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:26:17Z","timestamp":1790645177898,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pediatric odontogenic infections pose significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in distinguishing between cellulitis and abscess. Accurate differentiation is crucial for guiding appropriate management\u2014antibiotics alone for cellulitis versus surgical incision and drainage (I&amp;D) for an abscess\u2014but can be difficult without specialized expertise or advanced imaging. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of handheld point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS; Philips Lumify), utilized by non-specialist clinicians, in differentiating cellulitis from abscess in pediatric odontogenic infections. A secondary objective was to assess its impact on reducing hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) burden. Methods: This prospective cohort study involved 111 pediatric patients (aged 1\u201317 years) presenting with maxillofacial odontogenic infections to a tertiary care academic medical center. Following clinical evaluations, handheld POCUS assessments were performed by trained non-specialist clinicians. Findings from I&amp;D or clinical resolution with antibiotics served as the reference standard. Ninety cases were included in the final diagnostic accuracy analysis after 21 exclusions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Hospital admission trends were compared before (2017\u20132021) and after POCUS implementation (January 2022\u2013April 2025). Interpretation should consider potential verification bias from the asymmetric reference standard (I&amp;D for abscess vs. clinical resolution for cellulitis). Results: Handheld POCUS exhibited a sensitivity of 72.97% (95% CI: 57.02\u201384.60%), specificity of 73.58% (95% CI: 60.42\u201383.56%), PPV of 65.85% (95% CI: 50.55\u201378.44%), NPV of 79.59% (95% CI: 66.36\u201388.52%), and overall accuracy of 73.33% (95% CI: 63.38\u201381.38%). Following POCUS implementation, the annualized hospital admission rate for pediatric facial odontogenic infections decreased from 60.0 to 19.5 admissions\/year; rate ratio (RR) = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.25\u20130.42), p &lt; 0.001 (Poisson regression with log-offset for period length). Conclusions: Handheld POCUS, operated by non-specialist clinicians after a defined training protocol, was associated with a lower annualized admission rate and demonstrated moderate diagnostic accuracy. Its adoption was associated with a notable reduction in hospitalizations, suggesting its potential for alleviating ED overcrowding, reducing healthcare costs, and minimizing pediatric stress. Wider adoption, supported by standardized training, could enhance healthcare efficiency and quality in managing this common pediatric condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Impact of Handheld Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Pediatric Odontogenic Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Frid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya St 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Bilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya St 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7490-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Hija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya St 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omri","family":"Emodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya St 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Emergency Department Visits for Tooth Disorders: United States, 2020\u20132022","volume":"73","author":"Schappert","year":"2025","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.03.002","article-title":"Life-threatening infections of the peripharyngeal and deep fascial spaces of the head and neck","volume":"21","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. 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