{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:24:42Z","timestamp":1760955882766,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Angelini SpA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The nurse-initiated administration of medications, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, at the time of triage may provide the opportunity to treat pediatric patients more quickly. We aimed to create practical flowcharts that can be used by all EDs with a specific focus on the nurse-initiated administration of medications to optimize the assessment and management of pain and fever in pediatric patients. Methods: Three regional expert meetings were held with a restricted working group composed of three chairmen and a wider working group composed of Directors of Pediatric EDs and Directors of Pediatric Departments, along with the main regional key experts for child healthcare management. Existing protocols were collected in the main centers belonging to the three regions and a unique recommendation was elaborated by the restricted group. This was then discussed and revised during discussion in a wider group. Results: Two protocols were developed for the triage nurse, one for pain and one for fever present. Both are initiated with assessment of the child\u2019s pain or fever, followed by a caregiver interview to determine eligibility for the administration of an analgesic\/antipyretic. In the case of pediatric pain, an analgesic is administered by the nurse only when the pain is rated as 4\u20136 and in the absence of specific contraindications. For pediatric fever, an antipyretic should only be administered if the child\u2019s temperature is \u226537.5 \u00b0C and in the presence of at least 1 sign of discomfort. If an analgesic\/antipyretic is administered, patients should be re-assessed after 1 h, and pediatrician evaluation requested as appropriate. Conclusions: The proposed flowcharts for pediatric pain and fever combine stratification by risk and severity and incorporate the possibility for the prompt administration of an antipyretic\/analgesic when indicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:18:54Z","timestamp":1760948334000},"page":"1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment and Management of Pain and Fever in Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Setting: A Proposed Flowchart for the Triage Nurse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8312-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca","family":"Benini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Palliative Care, Pain Service Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Anna Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Martemucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Botarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Anna Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Tipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Department, Santobono-Pausilipon Children\u2019s Hospital, 80129 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Zangardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Care Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alpern, E.R., Henretig, F.M., Fever Fleisher, G.R., Ludwg, S., and Henretig, F.M. 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