{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:30:11Z","timestamp":1782876611473,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Digital deformities in pediatrics are one of the reasons why parents go to podiatry clinics with their children. There is a great diversity of digital alterations in the feet; the origin of the vast majority is genetic. Due to this diversity, different treatments are offered depending on deformity and age, ranging from monitoring progress and changing footwear to deformities that are directly evaluated for surgery. The main objective of this study is to describe and identify the different podiatric digital deformities present in pediatric patients, as well as the most commonly used treatments depending on the deformity. Methods: This study is a bibliographic review that has been carried out after using different search equations and applying a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria, obtaining a total of 10 articles (N = 10). Results: A total of 50% of the studies belong to samples where the authors affirm that surgical treatment is the most appropriate in deformities such as polydactyly and macrodactyly, treated in the first months of life. Half of the studies reviewed were clinical studies with a sample, and the other half were bibliographic reviews. Conclusions: Clinodactyly, syndactyly, and macrodactyly are the most frequent deformities, with the first, second, and third toes being the most affected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12111461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1761652039000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Systematic Review of Digital Deformities in Pediatric Patients and Their Podiatric Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2320-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jose Chiva","family":"Miralles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Ankle and Foot Reserch advances Group\u2014GAITP, Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Gil","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Degree in Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Jorda","family":"Vall\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Carbonell","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Ankle and Foot Reserch advances Group\u2014GAITP, Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Benimeli-Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Ankle and Foot Reserch advances Group\u2014GAITP, Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2548-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gomariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Ankle and Foot Reserch advances Group\u2014GAITP, Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Mar\u00eda","family":"Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Calle Gasc\u00f3 Oliag 5, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between digital formula and forefoot deformities in juvenile population","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Podiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"516","article-title":"The growing foot","volume":"30","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"203","article-title":"The normal foot and its pathology","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Pedi\u00e1trica Integral"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"442","article-title":"The normal foot and its most prevalent pathology in children and adolescents","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Pedi\u00e1trica Integral"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"865","article-title":"The Newborn Foot","volume":"69","author":"Gore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-00983","article-title":"Polydactyly of the Foot: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e34896","article-title":"Foot Oligodactyly as the Main Dysplasia in Children","volume":"15","author":"Laliotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02339-0","article-title":"Genetic determinants of syndactyly: Perspectives on pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Cassim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaib, T., Rashid, H., Khan, H., Zhou, X., and Sun, P. (2022). Recent Advances in Syndactyly: Basis, Current Status and Future Perspectives. Genes., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050771"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8324","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008324","article-title":"Isolated heptadactylia. A case report of central polydactyly of the foot","volume":"96","author":"Piette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"215","article-title":"Toe deformities in children. Dermatol","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. Cosm\u00e9tica M\u00e9dica Quir\u00fargica"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"525","article-title":"Camptodactyly and clinodactyly-New understanding of know deformities","volume":"60","author":"Lamot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pascual Huerta, J. (2006). Pathophysiology of digital deformity of the minor toes. Izquierdo Cases J.O. Podolog\u00eda Quir\u00fargica, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"7","article-title":"Relationship between digital deformities and the pathophysiology of digital deformity","volume":"2","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Cienc. Podol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.42.239.36313","article-title":"Bilateral camptodactyly","volume":"42","author":"Kekatpure","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"91","article-title":"Macrodactilia: Regarding a series of cases on the foot and a review of the literature","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Ortop. Pedi\u00e1trica"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.03.021","article-title":"Forefoot malformations, deformities and other congenital defects in children","volume":"106","author":"Rampal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., and Brennan, S.E. (2025, September 01). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. MetaArXiv, Available online: www.prisma-statement.org.","DOI":"10.31222\/osf.io\/v7gm2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2018.12.030","article-title":"Middle phalangectomy for the correction of toe clinodactyly with longitudinal ephyseal bracket in young children","volume":"58","author":"Elkoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2018.04.018","article-title":"Foot hexadactyly, social implications and management in the African setting: Case report","volume":"60","author":"Amouzou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amniotic band syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Manouvrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMC-Apar. Locomot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rccot.2019.07.006","article-title":"Juvenile and infantile hallux valgus","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Ortop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"75","article-title":"Familial brachydactyly without a functional component","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Cient\u00edfica Cienc. M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-024-00871-9","article-title":"The effectiveness of shoe modifications and foot orthoses in conservative treatment of lesser toe deformities: A review of literature","volume":"109","author":"Fusini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2023.10.001","article-title":"What are the key risk factors of keloid formation after repair of syndactyly of the toe?","volume":"29","author":"Ishigaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/11\/1461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:43:29Z","timestamp":1761655409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/11\/1461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children12111461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12111461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]}}}