{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:52:04Z","timestamp":1773521524002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In pediatric age, the central airways are more flexible and mobile, with tracheal and bronchial walls easily tending to collapse, allowing partial or complete occlusion of the lumen: a situation described as tracheobronchomalacia (TBM). This is a condition that causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure that may accentuate airway collapse, and a biphasic or barking cough appears. Objectives: Although TBM is relatively frequent in pediatric age, the diagnostic criteria and subsequent treatment do not follow well-standardized criteria and often vary from pediatric center to center. Therefore, there is a need to standardize diagnostic procedures and the resulting medical or surgical treatments. Methods: We therefore organized a day of meetings to talk about TBM, inviting all Italian pediatricians and pediatric surgeons who diagnose and treat patients with this pathology on a daily basis. Results: This work, collecting all the meeting interventions, is a compendium that deals with all aspects of TBM, emphasizing the most correct criteria to diagnose and therefore best treat each pediatric patient with this clinical condition. We give particular emphasis to the need to perform static and dynamic videobronchoscopy (S\/DVBS) to verify the patency of the tracheal lumen, so as to evaluate the severity of TBM. Conclusions: this work deals with TBM in all its diagnostic and treatment aspects and can be a valid help for all pediatricians who treat these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12111511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T14:55:15Z","timestamp":1762527315000},"page":"1511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Tracheo\/Bronchomalacia in Children: The Italian Multicenter Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Florio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia Pediatrica ed Endoscopia Respiratoria IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Radiologia IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Del Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SOSA di Broncopneumologia, AOU Meyer, IRCCS, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia Pediatrica ed Endoscopia Respiratoria IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia e UTSIRA.O.P. Santobono-Pausilipon, 80129 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Gallizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia Pediatrica ed Endoscopia Respiratoria IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Cardiochirurgia IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ribera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Cardiochirurgia IRCCS G. 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Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-0411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Lena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Chirurgia Toracica e vie Aeree, IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Chirurgia Toracica e vie Aeree, IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Borgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia Pediatrica ed Endoscopia Respiratoria IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Gentilino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S.C. Chirurgia Pediatrica, Ospedale Filippo Del Ponte, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7779-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Porcaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Pneumologia e Fibrosi Cistica, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5781-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DINOGMI Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6014-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duino","family":"Meucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOS Chirurgia Delle Vie Aeree\u2014UOC Otorinolaringoiatria, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Baggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SOSA Tracheal Team Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Gaffuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S.S. 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