{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:18:43Z","timestamp":1788754723988,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The optimal timing for orthodontic treatment in pediatric patients with malocclusion, particularly Class II discrepancies, remains a topic of ongoing clinical debate. Early treatment during the mixed dentition stage harnesses craniofacial growth potential, whereas later intervention may capitalize on pubertal growth for greater skeletal correction, especially for skeletal and airway improvements. This systematic review aimed to compare the outcomes of early versus late orthodontic treatment to assess their relative effectiveness. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eleven studies comparing early and late treatment were analyzed, and the risk of bias was evaluated using standardized assessment tools. Results: Of the eleven studies, eight reported statistically significant improvements favoring early orthodontic intervention. Early treatment was associated with greater enhancement of maxillary and mandibular arch development, improved jaw relationships, and expanded airway dimensions. Studies utilizing headgear or other growth-modifying appliances also showed more favorable eruption patterns and alignment, underscoring the clinical relevance of early-phase management. Conclusions: Early orthodontic treatment can provide meaningful benefits in guiding skeletal growth, improving dental arch form, and enhancing treatment efficiency. These benefits were most consistently supported in skeletal and airway outcome domains. While late treatment may be suitable for some cases, personalized planning remains essential. Further large-scale, standardized longitudinal studies are needed to refine treatment-timing protocols in pediatric orthodontics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12111533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:57:13Z","timestamp":1763038633000},"page":"1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Timing of Orthodontic Intervention for Pediatric Class II Malocclusion: A Systematic Review on Early vs. Late Treatment Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Dinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Igna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela Lidia","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthesis Technology and Dental Materials, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Dental Research Center Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7637-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia Brandusa","family":"Braila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 6 No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorin Cristian","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Dental Clinic, Private Practice, 24 Budapesta Street, 307160 Dumbravita, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1836-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan Mihai","family":"Horhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced and Digital Endodontic, Restorative and Prosthodontic Treatment (TADERP) Research Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentalmed Luxury Dental, Private Practice, 011858 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuliana-Anamaria","family":"Traila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopic Morphology-Anatomic Pathology, ANAPATMOL Research Center, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Florina","family":"Nica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2A Eftimie Murgu Place, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of Dento-Alveolar Surgery, Anesthesia and Sedation in Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2A Eftimie Murgu Place, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7286-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malina","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2023.03.003","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment: Getting the timing right","volume":"29","author":"Fleming","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. 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