{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:58:34Z","timestamp":1792789114447,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T4-AN-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T4-AN-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PNRR-383 MAD-2022-12376814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-383 MAD-2022-12376814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac arrhythmias in the pediatric population represent both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their heterogeneous etiologies, age-dependent clinical presentations, and the variety of management strategies required. Although many electrophysiological mechanisms are shared with adults, several arrhythmias are unique to infancy and adolescence or are associated with congenital heart disease and inherited channelopathies. Clinical presentation varies considerably with age and may be unclear or nonspecific, especially in neonates and infants. In some cases, arrhythmias are benign and self-limiting; in others, they may represent the earliest manifestation of an underlying cardiac disorder, potentially progressing to hemodynamic instability, serious arrhythmic events, or sudden cardiac death. Recent advancements in electrophysiology, catheter ablation, and device technology have broadened the therapeutic landscape, improving outcomes even in neonatal and infant patients. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on pediatric arrhythmias, with a focus on clinical recognition, diagnostic evaluation, and personalized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12121580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:41:58Z","timestamp":1763728918000},"page":"1580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Arrhythmias in Pediatric Age: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Strangio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8291-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Ielapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanda","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Institute (IRP) \u2018Citt\u00e0 della Speranza\u2019, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7126-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalba","family":"De Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9963-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assunta","family":"Di Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Sportelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Sicilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6596-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Panuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8316-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabato","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Torella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center for Cardiovascular Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199904000-00004","article-title":"Primary cardiac arrhythmias in children","volume":"15","author":"Sacchetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2011-200242","article-title":"Paediatric arrhythmias in the emergency department","volume":"29","author":"Clausen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.66525","article-title":"Emergency diagnosis and management of pediatric arrhythmias","volume":"3","author":"Hanash","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Trauma Shock"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"127","article-title":"Quadri aritmici in et\u00e0 pediatrica. Dai meccanismi al Pronto soccorso","volume":"20","author":"Costantini","year":"2019","journal-title":"AreaPed"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Epidemiology of arrhythmias in children","volume":"8","author":"Sekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"597","article-title":"Supraventricular tachycardia in children","volume":"14","author":"Bronzetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80095-4","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and supraventricular tachycardia during infancy: Management and follow-up","volume":"5","author":"Deal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"678","article-title":"Trattamento delle aritmie nel bambino con cuore apparentemente sano","volume":"15","author":"Vignati","year":"2014","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganea, G., Cintez\u0103, E.E., Filip, C., Iancu, M.A., Balta, M.D., V\u0103t\u0103\u0219escu, R., Vasile, C.M., C\u00eerstoveanu, C., and B\u0103lgr\u0103dean, M. (2023). Postoperative Cardiac Arrhythmias in Pediatric and Neonatal Patients with Congenital Heart Disease\u2014A Narrative Review. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122278"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70392-6","article-title":"Arrhythmias and intracardiac conduction after the arterial switch operation","volume":"109","author":"Rhodes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.6.1374","article-title":"Complete atrioventricular block in patients with atrioventricular discordance","volume":"67","author":"Huhta","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.12.014","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of patch ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring in children (from a national registry)","volume":"115","author":"Bolourchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut082","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy for arrhythmias in the pediatric population: EHRA and AEPC-Arrhythmia Working Group joint consensus statement","volume":"15","author":"Brugada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu313","article-title":"How are arrhythmias managed in the paediatric population in Europe? Results of the European Heart Rhythm survey","volume":"16","author":"Hocini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Sarro, R., Borrelli, N., Pelaia, G., Mendicino, A., Moscatelli, S., Leo, I., La Vecchia, G., Mazza, G., Castaldo, L., and Strangio, A. (2025). How to behave with paediatric myocarditis: Imaging methods and clinical considerations. Eur. Heart J. Imaging Methods Pract., 3.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjimp\/qyaf025"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62226-X","article-title":"Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"377","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-015-2689-z","article-title":"Evaluation and management of bradycardia in neonates and children","volume":"175","author":"Baruteau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu408oa","article-title":"Proposal for a new definition of congenital complete atrioventricular block","volume":"12","author":"Brucato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12110","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of complete atrioventricular block after operative ventricular septal defect repair","volume":"9","author":"Siehr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.029769","article-title":"Late outcome of Senning and Mustard procedures for correction of transposition of the great arteries","volume":"91","author":"Dos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruse, K., Matsubara, M., Schaeffer, T., Palm, J., Klawonn, F., Osawa, T., Niedermaier, C., Heinisch, P.P., Piber, N., and Balling, G. (2025). Postoperative atrioventricular block after surgery for congenital heart disease: Incidence, recovery and risks. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 67.","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf059"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.33.4.300","article-title":"Holt-Oram syndrome: A clinical genetic study","volume":"33","author":"Leanage","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advanced Life Support Group (2004). Advanced Paediatric Life Support: The Practical Approach, Wiley Blackwell. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757369"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advanced Life Support Group (2005). Pre-Hospital Paediatric Life Support: A Practical Approach to the out-of-Hospital Emergency Care of Children, Wiley Blackwell. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757376"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"American Heart Association (2006). Pediatric Advanced Life Support Provider Manual, American Heart Association."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Biarent, D., Resuscitation Council (UK), and European Resuscitation Council (2006). European Paediatric Life Support Course, Resuscitation Council (UK). [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians Pre-Hospital Trauma Life Support Committee, and American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (2003). PHTLS: Basic and Advanced Prehospital Trauma Life Support, Mosby. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592410","article-title":"Arrhythmias in Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"115","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"S466","article-title":"Part 10: Pediatric basic and advanced life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations","volume":"122","author":"Kleinman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-586","article-title":"Clinical analysis of temporary pacemaker implantation in 13 children","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.09.004","article-title":"Cardiac rhythm devices in the pediatric population: Utilization and complications","volume":"9","author":"Czosek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, M.J., Borquez, A.A., Cortez, D., McCanta, A.C., De Filippo, P., Whitehill, R.D., Imundo, J.R., Moore, J.P., Sherwin, E.D., and Howard, T.S. (2023). Transcatheter Leadless Pacing in Children: A PACES Collaborative Study in the Real-World Setting. Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.122.011447"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.07.038","article-title":"2021 PACES Expert Consensus Statement on the Indications and Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Pediatric Patients","volume":"18","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-023-03213-x","article-title":"Epicardial Versus Endocardial Pacing in Paediatric Patients with Atrioventricular Block or Sinus Node Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Patsiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht511","article-title":"Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: An analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark","volume":"35","author":"Kirkfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2585","article-title":"Permanent epicardial pacing in pediatric patients: Seventeen years of experience and 1200 outpatient visits","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.123643","article-title":"Pediatric pacemaker infections: Twenty years of experience","volume":"124","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrelli, N., Sabatino, J., Gimelli, A., Avesani, M., Pergola, V., Leo, I., Moscatelli, S., Abbate, M., Motta, R., and De Sarro, R. (2025). Multimodality Imaging Approach to Infective Endocarditis: Current Opinion in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061862"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-024-00334-6","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Cardiac Implantable Devices for Pediatric Patients","volume":"12","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2005.10.004","article-title":"Pediatric dysrhythmias","volume":"53","author":"Doniger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6912839","article-title":"Management of acute supraventricular tachycardia in children","volume":"69","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000894","article-title":"Pediatric Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations","volume":"142","author":"Maconochie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.06.006","article-title":"Postnatal cumulative incidence of supraventricular tachycardia in a general pediatric population: A national birth cohort database study","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.02.009","article-title":"PACES\/HRS expert consensus statement on the use of catheter ablation in children and patients with congenital heart disease: Developed in partnership with the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Association for European Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"13","author":"Kanter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u0103t\u0103\u0219escu, R.G., Paja, C.S., \u0218u\u0219, I., Cainap, S., Moisa, \u0218.M., and Cintez\u0103, E.E. (2024). Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy-An Update. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030296"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Jabbour, F., Horenstein, M.S., and Grossman, S.A. (2024). Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"329","article-title":"Embryology of the conduction system for the electrophysiologist","volume":"10","author":"Mirzoyev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.2.407","article-title":"Sites of conduction block in accessory atrioventricular pathways. Basis for concealed accessory pathways","volume":"82","author":"Kuck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.09.018","article-title":"Risk Stratification for Arrhythmic Events in Patients with Asymptomatic Pre-Excitation: A Systematic Review for the 2015 ACC\/AHA\/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients with Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"67","author":"Arshad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.5462","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiological evaluation of pediatric Wolff-Parkinson-White patients","volume":"15","author":"Alehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197911153012003","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"301","author":"Klein","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skov, M.W., Rasmussen, P.V., Ghouse, J., Hansen, S.M., Graff, C., Olesen, M.S., Pietersen, A., Torp-Pedersen, C., Hauns\u00f8, S., and K\u00f8ber, L. (2017). Electrocardiographic Preexcitation and Risk of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality. Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004778"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059860","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Montoya","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Chhabra, L., Goyal, A., and Benham, M.D. (2023). Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2015.11.002","article-title":"Preexcitation Syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Bhatia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2011.03317.x","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of antidromic tachycardia in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Ceresnak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784007716","article-title":"Pharmacological therapy in children with nodal reentry tachycardia: When, how and how long to treat the affected patients","volume":"14","author":"Bouhouch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.15420\/AER.2016.18.2","article-title":"Classification, Electrophysiological Features and Therapy of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia","volume":"5","author":"Katritsis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu387","article-title":"Atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: Prevalence, electrophysiologic characteristics, and tachycardia circuit","volume":"17","author":"Katritsis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)90106-4","article-title":"Ectopic automatic atrial tachycardia in children: Clinical characteristics, management and follow-up","volume":"11","author":"Mehta","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1313","article-title":"Prevalence and natural course of ectopic atrial tachycardia","volume":"20","author":"Poutiainen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-03068-8","article-title":"Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia in Infants Following Congenital Heart Disease Surgery","volume":"44","author":"Uniat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1773-8","article-title":"Risk Factors for Development of Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia in Post-operative Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"39","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"766","article-title":"Ectopic atrial tachycardia in children","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.001423","article-title":"Current management of focal atrial tachycardia in children: A multicenter experience","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006143222405","article-title":"Multifocal atrial tachycardia","volume":"322","author":"Kastor","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2017.0179","article-title":"The Complexity of Pediatric Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia and Its Prognostic Factors","volume":"48","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12282","article-title":"Junctional ectopic tachycardia in infants and children","volume":"36","author":"Kylat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.5.1544","article-title":"Evolving concepts in the management of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. A multicenter study","volume":"81","author":"Villain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.85.1.107","article-title":"Postoperative arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease","volume":"85","author":"Krongrad","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.04.002","article-title":"Junctional ectopic tachycardia after surgery for congenital heart disease: Incidence, risk factors and outcome","volume":"39","author":"Mildh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, S., Avesani, M., Borrelli, N., Sabatino, J., Pergola, V., Leo, I., Montanaro, C., Contini, F.V., Gaudieri, G., and Ielapi, J. (2024). Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries in the Pediatric Field: A Multimodality Imaging Approach. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060626"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.04.023","article-title":"Predictors of myocardial recovery in pediatric tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1511-7","article-title":"Predictors of Pharmacological Therapy of Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia in Children","volume":"38","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02491-z","article-title":"Lone Atrial Flutter in Children and Adolescents: Is It Really \u201cLone\u201d?","volume":"42","author":"Dieks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez, W.A., Van Hare, G.F., Wexler, I.D., and Arnold, J.E. (1997). Atrial flutter: An uncommon pediatric manifestation of hyperthyroidism. Pediatrics, 100.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.2.e11"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.04.091","article-title":"Atrial flutter in infants","volume":"48","author":"Texter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.39.287","article-title":"Atrial flutter in the neonate and early infancy","volume":"39","author":"Peng","year":"1998","journal-title":"jpn Heart J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Lone atrial fibrillation in the pediatric population","volume":"29","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.01.038","article-title":"Presentation and Prognosis of Excessive Asymptomatic Atrial Ectopy in Children and Adolescents with Structurally and Functionally Normal Hearts","volume":"192","author":"Joyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur130","article-title":"Management of patients with palpitations: A position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association","volume":"13","author":"Raviele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.05.001","article-title":"Chest pain and syncope in children: A practical approach to the diagnosis of cardiac disease","volume":"163","author":"Friedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arteaga, G.M., and Crow, S. (2023). End organ perfusion and pediatric microcirculation assessment. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1123405"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90555-4","article-title":"Supraventricular tachycardia due to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: Early disappearance and late recurrence","volume":"16","author":"Perry","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.04.028","article-title":"Biphasic DC shock cardioverting doses for paediatric atrial dysrhythmias","volume":"81","author":"Tibballs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61485-4","article-title":"Postural modification to the standard Valsalva manoeuvre for emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (REVERT): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"386","author":"Appelboam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1442","article-title":"European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulaci\u00f3n Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE)","volume":"39","author":"Katritsis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.05.010","article-title":"PACES\/HRS expert consensus statement on the evaluation and management of ventricular arrhythmias in the child with a structurally normal heart","volume":"11","author":"Crosson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"941","article-title":"Efficacy of adenosine triphosphate in terminating supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"123","author":"Fromer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.10.051","article-title":"Acute Management of Refractory and Unstable Pediatric Supraventricular Tachycardia","volume":"181","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112053252306","article-title":"Adenosine and Supraventricular Tachycardia","volume":"325","author":"Camm","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.051227","article-title":"Pre-excited atrial fibrillation triggered by intravenous adenosine: A commonly used drug with potentially life-threatening adverse effects","volume":"25","author":"Turley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.5.1962","article-title":"Effects of intravenous adenosine on antegrade refractoriness of accessory atrioventricular connections","volume":"84","author":"Garratt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.10.003","article-title":"Alternative Treatment Options for Atrioventricular-Nodal-Reentry Tachycardia: An Emergency Medicine Review","volume":"54","author":"Brubaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.901629","article-title":"Amiodarone versus procainamide for the acute treatment of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia in pediatric patients","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.05.017","article-title":"The transition from fetal to neonatal supraventricular tachycardia: What is the role of transesophageal atrial pacing?","volume":"19","author":"Strasburger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90402-2","article-title":"Programmed atrial stimulation via the esophagus for management of supraventricular arrhythmias in infants and children","volume":"74","author":"Rhodes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)90511-5","article-title":"Summary of efficacy and safety of flecainide for supraventricular arrhythmias","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809703101113","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 2: Atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and junctional and atrial ectopic tachycardia","volume":"31","author":"Luedtke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geanacopoulos, A.T., Zielonka, B., Fox, M.T., Kerr, S., Chambers, K.D., Przybylski, R., and Burns, M.M. (2024). Pediatric antiarrhythmics and toxicity: A clinical review. J. Am. Coll. Emerg. Physicians Open, 5.","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.13090"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.03645.x","article-title":"Prospective assessment after pediatric cardiac ablation: Demographics, medical profiles, and initial outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Javitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa325","article-title":"Pediatric catheter ablation at the beginning of the 21st century: Results from the European Multicenter Pediatric Catheter Ablation Registry \u2018EUROPA\u2019","volume":"23","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-013-9842-2","article-title":"Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia","volume":"39","author":"Santangeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12247","article-title":"Cryoablation versus RF ablation for AVNRT: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Hanninen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s002460010131","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias: When to worry","volume":"21","author":"Alexander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01977-0","article-title":"Long-term clinical significance of frequent and complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes","volume":"40","author":"Biffi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.22099","article-title":"Common Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Children","volume":"57","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N., Cortez, D., and Imundo, J.R. (2019). High burden of premature ventricular contractions in structurally normal hearts: To worry or not in pediatric patients?. Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12663"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.02.011","article-title":"\u2018Frequent\u2019 ventricular bigeminy--a reversible cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. How frequent is \u2018frequent\u2019?","volume":"8","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-019-02233-w","article-title":"Frequent Ventricular Premature Beats in Children and Adolescents: Natural History and Relationship with Sport Activity in a Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"41","author":"Porcedda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001110","article-title":"Premature ventricular contraction-induced cardiomyopathy in children","volume":"26","author":"Spector","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.05.014","article-title":"HRS\/EHRA\/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: Document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013","volume":"10","author":"Priori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Zhen, Z., Yu, X., Cui, L., Shao, W., Lin, L., Gao, L., and Yuan, Y. (2025). Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation in younger children with ventricular arrhythmias. Front. Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1555830"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.10.047","article-title":"Frequency of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia in a pediatric population","volume":"101","author":"Roggen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(82)90443-X","article-title":"Definition of ventricular tachycardia","volume":"50","author":"Nikolic","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.03.002","article-title":"2019 HRS\/EHRA\/APHRS\/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"17","author":"Cronin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Developed by the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12105","article-title":"Fascicular and nonfascicular left ventricular tachycardias in the young: An international multicenter study","volume":"24","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.69.273","article-title":"Long-term course and clinical characteristics of ventricular tachycardia detected in children by school-based heart disease screening","volume":"69","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00105-9","article-title":"Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in infancy and childhood: A multicenter study on clinical profile and outcome. Working Group on Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Pediatric Cardiology","volume":"33","author":"Pfammatter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315617","article-title":"Fascicular tachycardia in infancy and the use of verapamil: A case series and literature review","volume":"104","author":"Kehr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00324-J","article-title":"Long-term outcome of verapamil-sensitive sustained left ventricular tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease","volume":"25","author":"Ohe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061589","article-title":"Fascicular tachycardia sensitive to calcium antagonists","volume":"5","author":"Ward","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2016.09.019","article-title":"Bundle Branch Re-Entrant Ventricular Tachycardia: Novel Genetic Mechanisms in a Life-Threatening Arrhythmia","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90519-F","article-title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation for treatment of bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia: Results and long-term follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.6.541","article-title":"Mechanisms of sustained ventricular tachycardia in myotonic dystrophy: Implications for catheter ablation","volume":"98","author":"Merino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12020","article-title":"Diagnosis and ablation of multiform fascicular tachycardia","volume":"24","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80205-X","article-title":"Incessant ventricular tachycardia in infants: Myocardial hamartomas and surgical cure","volume":"10","author":"Garson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199503000-00017","article-title":"Sudden death in an infant due to histiocytoid cardiomyopathy. A light-microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study","volume":"16","author":"Ruszkiewicz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.69.2.250","article-title":"The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction","volume":"69","author":"Bigger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.2.340","article-title":"Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: Clinical characterization, therapy, and the QT interval","volume":"74","author":"Nguyen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eun105","article-title":"Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia in fulminant myocarditis. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia in fulminant myocarditis","volume":"10","author":"Berte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40776.x","article-title":"Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia resulting from digoxin toxicity","volume":"16","author":"Grimard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.05.020","article-title":"HRS\/EHRA expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for the channelopathies and cardiomyopathies this document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)","volume":"8","author":"Ackerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0264","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and prognostic factors of pediatric ventricular tachycardia","volume":"74","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, S., Pozza, A., Leo, I., Ielapi, J., Scatteia, A., Piana, S., Cavaliere, A., Reffo, E., and Di Salvo, G. (2024). Importance of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Applied to Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatric Age: A Narrative Review. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11070878"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-005-1091-4","article-title":"Resolution of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy following ablation of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia","volume":"27","author":"Arya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13835","article-title":"Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in the pediatric patients: A single-center experience","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Wu, H.-K., Wang, T.-H., Chen, T.-H., and Lin, Y.-S. (2019). Trend and risk factors of recurrence and complications after arrhythmias radiofrequency catheter ablation: A nation-wide observational study in Taiwan. BMJ Open, 9.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023487"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.09.003","article-title":"Near-zero x-ray in arrhythmia ablation using a 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system: A multicenter experience","volume":"13","author":"Giaccardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"612","article-title":"Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Sacks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2023.03.002","article-title":"Ventricular tachycardia ablation in children","volume":"23","author":"Dalili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02942-9","article-title":"Conduction System Pacing in Pediatrics and Congenital Heart Disease, a Single Center Series of 24 Patients","volume":"45","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-023-03119-8","article-title":"A Study to Analyse the Feasibility and Effectiveness of Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Used in Young Children","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2025.04.030","article-title":"First-in-human study of a leadless pacemaker system for left bundle branch area pacing","volume":"22","author":"Reddy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08726-4","article-title":"Millimetre-scale bioresorbable optoelectronic systems for electrotherapy","volume":"640","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323180","article-title":"Biological Pacemakers: Present and Future","volume":"134","author":"Mesquita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/12\/1580\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T05:27:28Z","timestamp":1763875648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/12\/1580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children12121580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12121580","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]}}}