{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:22:54Z","timestamp":1788999774897,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate rates of self-reported Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), metabolic abnormalities and age of menarche in girls with a history of Premature Adrenarche (PA) and the association of baseline characteristics with these outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review of girls with PA seen between 2005 and 2015 was conducted. Eligible patients (or their mothers in girls &lt;18 years of age) were surveyed by telephone to query whether they had developed PCOS, diabetes, pre-diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia as well as their age of menarche. Associations of baseline characteristics with PCOS or metabolic abnormalities were analyzed. Results: A total of 359 patients with PA were identified, of whom 118 completed a telephone survey. At baseline, the average age of girls with PA was 6.7 \u00b1 1.4 years, of whom 55% were White. At follow-up, the average age of girls was 17 \u00b1 3.5 years. Among the respondents, 19.5% reported a diagnosis of PCOS, 5.1% reported diabetes, 8.5% pre-diabetes, 7.6% hypertension and 6% hyperlipidemia. Major risk factors for PCOS included a maternal history of PCOS (p = 0.005, OR 4.1) and increased BMI at baseline (p = 0.03, OR 1.69). Additionally, girls with history of PA had an earlier age of menarche compared to their mothers (11.3 \u00b1 1.6 years vs. 11.9 \u00b1 1.5 years, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our results suggest that maternal history of PCOS poses the greatest risk for future development of self-reported PCOS in girls with a history of PA followed by increased BMI. Prospective studies using objective diagnostic criteria are needed to corroborate these findings, as our outcomes were based on self-reported data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12121609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:04:57Z","timestamp":1764151497000},"page":"1609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Follow-Up and Risk of PCOS in Indiana Girls with a History of Premature Adrenarche\u2014A Single Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-6484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Saroufim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Indiana University Health, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tari","family":"Kurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6135-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica A.","family":"Eugster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Indiana University Health, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.06.004","article-title":"Premature adrenarche: Etiology, clinical findings, and consequences","volume":"145","author":"Voutilainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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