{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:57:59Z","timestamp":1784566679953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Refractive errors (REs) and amblyopia are the leading causes of visual impairment (VI) in children worldwide; however, national data for Mexico are scarce. Objective: We aim to estimate the clinical prevalence of RE, refractive amblyopia, and associated visual impairment (VI) in Mexican children aged 6\u201312 years. Methods: We analyzed 784,372 non-cycloplegic eye examinations from Salud Digna outpatient clinics across all 32 Mexican states (2021\u20132025). REs were classified as myopia (\u2264\u22120.50 D), hyperopia (\u2265+2.00 D), or astigmatism (\u2264 \u22121.00 D cylinder). Refractive amblyopia was defined as best-corrected visual acuity \u2264 20\/30 in the most affected eye. The VI categories followed the WHO criteria. Results: Myopia was the most frequent (43.86%), followed by astigmatism (38.41%) and hyperopia (1.29%). Refractive amblyopia affected 4.94% of the children, predominantly due to astigmatic isoametropia (72.19%). VI related to refractive amblyopia occurred in 1.20% (mild), 0.37% (moderate), 0.01% (severe), and 0.01% (blindness) of children. Men showed a higher prevalence of RE and refractive amblyopia (p &lt; 0.01). Geographic disparities were evident, with the central and southern states reporting the highest RA rates. Conclusions: Our outpatient-based study underscores REs, refractive amblyopia, and astigmatic ametropia as significant public health concerns in Mexican school-aged children. The high prevalence of uncorrected REs and refractive amblyopia highlights the need for nationwide school-based screening programs and early intervention strategies to mitigate long-term visual and developmental consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12121641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1764689506000},"page":"1641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Refractive Errors and Amblyopia in Mexican Children Aged 6\u201312 Years: Clinical Prevalence and Visual Impact"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Torales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalahary Patricia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Nahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Luna-Ruiz-Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Espinoza-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Machado-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"River\u00f3n-Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00e9tica de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"G\u00f3mez-Campa\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Campos-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5302-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Alc\u00e1ntar-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80184, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, and Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study (2021). 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