{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T05:59:29Z","timestamp":1767765569432,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Operating Grant, Understanding and mitigating the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children, youth, and families in Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["179231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011606","name":"Mach-Gaensslen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 virus is a source of both acute and chronic stress for many people. This stress could uniquely impact children and their mental health. Research has shown that children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at an increased risk of negative mental health symptoms due to stress, but high-quality sleep may be associated with a protective role against these symptoms. We, therefore, aimed to investigate whether the impacts of COVID-19 and sleep problems were independently linked with children\u2019s mental health and to examine whether sleep could mediate the relationship between COVID-19 impact and child mental health. Finally, we sought to compare the degree to which sleep problems could mediate this relationship in children without ADHD and in children with ADHD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 304 parents of children were sampled from a larger study investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian families and children in the spring of 2021. Parents reported on their children\u2019s mental health, sleep, and the impacts of COVID-19 on their child. Of the total sample, 234 children were reported as having an ADHD diagnosis, and 70 children were reported to not have ADHD. Results: We found that both the impact of COVID-19 and sleep problems independently and positively contributed to the mental health symptoms (p &lt; 0.001) experienced by children with ADHD and without ADHD. Children with ADHD were found to have higher scores for COVID-19 child impact, sleep problems, and negative mental health. However, sleep problems had a greater impact on the mental health of children without ADHD compared to ADHD children. Additionally, the results suggest that sleep problems mediated ~20% of the relationship between COVID-19 impact and child mental health in children with ADHD and ~51% of this relationship in children without ADHD. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the significant role of sleep in mediating child mental health symptoms during periods of stress in children without ADHD and in children with ADHD. We highlight the importance of considering sleep quality and supporting healthy sleep in times of stress to improve child mental health symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13010082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T16:07:07Z","timestamp":1767629227000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Sleep in Mediating Mental Health Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Children with and Without ADHD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3778-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Presley","family":"MacMillan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakir Md","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Counselling, Psychotherapy, and Spirituality, Saint Paul University, Ottawa, ON K1S 1C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0470-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma A.","family":"Climie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School & Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet W. T.","family":"Mah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2552-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penny","family":"Corkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locke, M., Feicht, B., Stone, M.R., Burke, E., Rehman, L., Kirk, S.F., Faulkner, G., and Moore, S.A. 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