{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:16:22Z","timestamp":1770984982039,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The physiologic effects of vasoactive medications on the venous circulation remain incompletely understood. Contemporary bedside management often emphasizes the arterial circulation, whereas Guytonian physiology emphasizes the venous circulation and mean circulatory filling pressure in determining steady-state cardiac output. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the effect of vasoactive medications on mean circulatory filling pressure and venous resistance. Methods: Demographic data and vasoactive data were collected from the electronic health record and collated with high-fidelity physiologic monitoring data. Mean circulatory filling pressure and venous resistance were calculated using clinically validated equations and then were modeled using a random forest regression incorporating postoperative time and infusion doses of epinephrine, norepinephrine, milrinone, vasopressin, phenylephrine, calcium, sodium nitroprusside, and nicardipine. Similar models were constructed for indexed systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index, cerebral oxygen extraction, and renal oxygen extraction. Results: Data from a total of 57 unique patients comprising 9,654,239 data points were analyzed. The model explained 57% of the variance in mean circulatory filling pressure and 59% of the variance in venous resistance. Vasopressin and norepinephrine were the most influential for mean circulatory filling pressure and venous resistance. Conclusions: Vasoactive medications appear to modulate venous tone and impact mean circulatory filling pressure and venous resistance. High-fidelity physiologic data allow for characterizing these effects and guide titration of vasoactive medications at the bedside.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13020262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:52:21Z","timestamp":1770979941000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Vasoactive Medications on Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure, Venous Resistance, Systemic Vascular Resistance, Cardiac Index, and Oxygen Extraction After Pediatric Heart Transplant: Leveraging High-Fidelity Physiologic Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Behrend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6501-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Kheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesam","family":"Sourour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2223-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Joong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit S.","family":"Loomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"844641","article-title":"Venous Saturation Guided Postoperative Care for Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients: The Body Wants Oxygen!","volume":"75","author":"Loomba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Anesthesiol. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"844614","article-title":"Goal-Directed Therapy with Continuous SvcO2 Monitoring in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The PediaSat Single-Center Randomized Trial","volume":"75","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Anesthesiol. Engl. 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Analg."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/2\/262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:30:24Z","timestamp":1770982224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/2\/262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children13020262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13020262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}