{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:28:04Z","timestamp":1772177284842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To synthesize all existing literature on the association between sodium disturbances during the first 10 days of life in Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight (ELBW) infants and the risk of developing severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH &gt; grade 1) or long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Methods: Applying systematic review (ID CDR42024622933) principles, five major databases were explored. Any study was included if it reported on ELBW infants, on serum sodium values within the first 10 postnatal days, or was related these to neurocognitive or neurodevelopmental outcomes. Results: Ten studies (13,276 infants) met inclusion criteria. Six studies evaluated the association between hypernatremia (&gt;145 or &gt;150 mmol\/L) and severe IVH, and two reported a significant association. Among two studies studying hyponatremia (ranging &lt;130 or &lt;120 mmol\/L), one found a significant association with severe IVH. Evidence regarding sodium fluctuations (difference between the maximum and minimum serum sodium values) identified fluctuations &gt;13 mmol\/L as a strong risk factor for severe IVH, while another study showed that glucose-corrected sodium fluctuations were independently associated with severe IVH. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes were reported in four studies; hyponatremia was significantly associated with hearing loss in one study (OR 5.6 (95% CI 1.1\u201327.8)), while another study reported that glucose-corrected sodium fluctuations were associated with neurodevelopmental impairment at 18\u201321 months, although significance disappeared after adjustment for confounding factors. Conclusion: Considering the limitations related to heterogeneity in study design, threshold sodium values and cohort size, this systematic review suggests a possible association between early sodium disturbances and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in ELBW infants, emphasizing the need for further high-quality, prospective studies, especially since sodium management can be modulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13020287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:57:29Z","timestamp":1771516649000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sodium Values During the First 10 Postnatal Days in Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants and Long-Term Neurocognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Beyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Allegaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Salaets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Raaijmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"},{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.002","article-title":"Early neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants","volume":"40","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. 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