{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:56:40Z","timestamp":1790935000604,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center","award":["KM600010293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM600010293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Dysphagia is a major complication of acquired brain injury (ABI) in children; however, its trajectory and prognostic indicators remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to identify predictors of dysphagia and its recovery following pediatric ABI. Methods: This retrospective study included all children admitted with ABI to tertiary pediatric rehabilitation center between 2014 and 2017. Data were collected from electronic medical records. Results: One hundred children aged 2:00\u201317:11 years were included; 61% had dysphagia at admission. Participants with dysphagia received speech\u2013language pathology (SLP) treatment, with a recovery rate of 78.68%. Treatment duration was significantly shorter among children who recovered (36 days) compared with those who did not (136 days; p &lt; 0.001). Dysphagia at admission was associated with mechanical ventilation, duration of unconsciousness, duration of acute hospitalization, CNS tumor etiology, cranial nerve impairment (V, IX, X, XII), voice and speech impairments, and cognitive and behavioral impairments. Logistic regression showed that reduced consciousness, cranial nerve impairment, voice disorders, and CNS tumors explained 70.6% of dysphagia likelihood. Non-recovery was associated with unconsciousness, enteral feeding, hypoglossal injury, and dysphagia severity at admission. Level of consciousness at admission explained 33.7% of recovery likelihood. Conclusions: Dysphagia was highly prevalent among children with ABI. Recovery rates following SLP treatment were high and were associated with level of consciousness at admission to rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13020301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:00:52Z","timestamp":1771840852000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prognostic Factors of Dysphagia and Recovery Following Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Suhad","family":"Bishara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language Department, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Raanana 4355840, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders, Steyer School of Health Professions, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oshrat","family":"Sella Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech and Language, Schneider Children\u2019s Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4920235, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saja","family":"Hejla-Assi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Speech and Language Pathology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikvah 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tmira","family":"Nachum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language Department, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Raanana 4355840, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Shaklai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Pediatric and Youth Rehabilitation Department, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Raanana 4355840, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01861-9","article-title":"Dysphagia Rehabilitation Following Acquired Brain Injury, Including Cerebral Palsy, across the Lifespan: A Scoping Review Protocol","volume":"10","author":"Halfpenny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD004170","article-title":"Multi-Disciplinary Rehabilitation for Acquired Brain Injury in Adults of Working Age","volume":"2015","author":"Pick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181ada830","article-title":"Educational, Vocational, Psychosocial, and Quality-of-Life Outcomes for Adult Survivors of Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.09.005","article-title":"Recovery of Swallowing after Dysphagic Stroke: An Analysis of Prognostic Factors","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attrill, S., White, S., Murray, J., Hammond, S., and Doeltgen, S. (2018). Impact of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia on Healthcare Cost and Length of Stay in Hospital: A Systematic Review. BMC Health Serv. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3376-3"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"231","article-title":"Dysphagia in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"15","author":"Alhashemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"CD000323","article-title":"Interventions for Dysphagia and Nutritional Support in Acute and Subacute Stroke","volume":"10","author":"Geeganage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1159\/000235824","article-title":"An Epidemiologic Study on Aging and Dysphagia in the Acute Care Hospitalized Population: 2000\u20132007","volume":"55","author":"Leder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-009-9270-8","article-title":"Functional Dysphagia Therapy and PEG Treatment in a Clinical Geriatric Setting","volume":"26","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.3109\/09638280902956894","article-title":"Prognostic Indicators of Functional Outcomes in First Time Documented Acute Stroke Patients Following Standard Dysphagia Treatment","volume":"31","author":"McMicken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-007-9121-4","article-title":"Rehabilitative Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Acute Care Settings: Data from a Large Italian Teaching Hospital","volume":"23","author":"Schindler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000271119.96780.f5","article-title":"Patterns and Predictors of Swallowing Resolution Following Adult Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"22","author":"Ward","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.02.069","article-title":"Rehabilitative Management of Swallowing and Oral-Motor Movements in Patients with Tetanus of a Public Service in Brazil","volume":"122","author":"Mangilli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2011462","article-title":"Aspiration Prevention Protocol: Decreasing Postoperative Pneumonia in Heart Surgery Patients","volume":"31","author":"Starks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care Nurse"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"610","article-title":"Critical Prognostic Factors for Poststroke Dysphagia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.00961.x","article-title":"Incidence and Clinical Presentation of Dysarthria and Dysphagia in the Acute Setting Following Paediatric Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200305000-00002","article-title":"Incidence, Characteristics, and Predictive Factors for Dysphagia after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200206000-00004","article-title":"Acute Characteristics of Pediatric Dysphagia Subsequent to Traumatic Brain Injury: Videofluoroscopic Assessment","volume":"17","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031893","article-title":"Swallowing, Oral Motor, Motor Speech, and Language Impairments Following Acute Pediatric Ischemic Stroke","volume":"52","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815600866","article-title":"Medulloblastoma","volume":"31","author":"Millard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-023-02286-w","article-title":"Comparison of the Prognostic Validity of Three Simplified Consciousness Assessment Scales with the Glasgow Coma Scale","volume":"49","author":"Anestis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.049","article-title":"Initial Psychometric Assessment of a Functional Oral Intake Scale for Dysphagia in Stroke Patients","volume":"86","author":"Crary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.1.41","article-title":"The Dynamic Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment for Children (DOTCA\u2013Ch): A New Instrument for Assessing Learning Potential","volume":"61","author":"Katz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Groher, M.E., and Crary, M.A. (2020). Dysphagia-E-Book: Clinical Management in Adults and Children, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000381372","article-title":"Pediatric Dysphagia: Physiology, Assessment, and Management","volume":"66","author":"Dodrill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.01.009","article-title":"Oropharyngeal Dysphagia after Stroke: Incidence, Diagnosis, and Clinical Predictors in Patients Admitted to a Neurorehabilitation Unit","volume":"18","author":"Falsetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90082-L","article-title":"Swallowing after Unilateral Stroke of the Cerebral Cortex","volume":"74","author":"Robbins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12670","article-title":"The Impact of Lesion Location on Dysphagia Incidence, Pattern and Complications in Acute Stroke. Part 1: Dysphagia Incidence, Severity and Aspiration","volume":"22","author":"Suntrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12722","article-title":"The Mediator Effect of Cognition on the Relationship between Brain Lesion Location and Dysphagia in Patients with Stroke: Applying a Structural Equation Model","volume":"46","author":"Yadegari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04468-7","article-title":"Predicting Dysphagia in Children Undergoing Surgery for Posterior Fossa Tumors","volume":"36","author":"Goethe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-022-05774-3","article-title":"Prevalence of Dysphagia Following Posterior Fossa Tumour Resection in Children: The Alder Hey Experience","volume":"39","author":"Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54247-x","article-title":"Post-Extubation Dysphagia in Pediatric Trauma Patients: A Single-Center Case-Series Study","volume":"14","author":"Yogo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1431843","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Childhood-Acquired Brain Injury","volume":"32","author":"Shaklai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.063","article-title":"Functional Oral Intake and Time to Reach Unrestricted Dieting for Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"89","author":"Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical Predictors of Dysphagia Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Rumbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814544363","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Youths: A Review of Research Since 1990","volume":"31","author":"Thurman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/2\/301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:23:03Z","timestamp":1772083383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/2\/301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children13020301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13020301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]}}}