{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:01:23Z","timestamp":1772107283334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objective: Children\u2019s lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a frequently diagnosed condition. Initial management measures, such as parental education, urotherapy, and constipation management, followed by drug-based and surgical therapies, are well known. In recent years, different electrical, transcutaneous nerve stimulation methods (sacral, tibial, and intravesical) were studied, and magnetic stimulation has gained importance in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunctions. This review aimed to examine the efficacy of functional magnetic stimulation in treating children\u2019s LUTD. Materials and Methods: Our review was carried out in the following databases: PubMed\/Medline and Google Scholar. Results: We limited our search to articles published in the last 8 years (2018\u20132025). Our used keywords were: \u201cfunctional magnetic stimulation, electrical stimulation, children\u2019s lower urinary tract dysfunction, children\u2019s overactive bladder, enuresis\u201d. The final search revealed a total of 132 results; articles written in languages other than English were excluded. In the end, a total of 16 articles presenting ES (12 articles) and FMS (four articles) in the treatment of children\u2019s lower urinary tract dysfunction were included in our narrative review. Conclusions: In spite of a few clinical controlled trials, our review concerning functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) provides acceptable evidence to support the efficacy of these methods among the pediatric population. In the future, large sample, randomized controlled trials are needed in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13030322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrical and Functional Magnetic Stimulation in the Management of Children\u2019s Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction\u2014A Current Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edva Anna","family":"Frunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution Organizing University Doctoral Studies (I.O.S.U.D.), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7453-3163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\u2013Heim P\u00e1l, Semmelweis University Budapest, Baross utca 22, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1rp\u00e1d Oliv\u00e9r","family":"Vida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8009-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor L\u00f3r\u00e1nd","family":"Reman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4778-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul-Dumitru","family":"Gherasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4279-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Porav-Hodade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virgil Gheorghe","family":"Osan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution Organizing University Doctoral Studies (I.O.S.U.D.), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8056-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Viorica","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Targu Mures, Str. Gh. Marinescu Nr.50, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orsolya Katalin Ilona","family":"M\u00e1rtha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Meli\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics II, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi, T., China, T., Takazawa, N., Shimizu, F., Fink, J., Horie, S., and Imai, T. (2022). 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