{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:45:47Z","timestamp":1784673947378,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a malignant extramedullary tumor that occurs in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The standard first-line treatment for MS is intensive chemotherapy according to the AML protocol, regardless of bone marrow involvement. The role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in the treatment of pediatric patients with MS requires further investigation. The aim of the study was to evaluate treatment outcomes for MS in pediatric patients with a focus on assessing the impact of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) on treatment efficacy. Material and Methods: The study included 64 patients aged 0 to 19 years from 15 pediatric oncology centers in Poland who were diagnosed with MS between 1998 and 2024. An Excel database was created to collect data on clinical features and treatment methods and outcomes. Results: The probability of 5-year overall survival (pOS) for the entire cohort was 0.63 \u00b1 0.07, while the 5-year event-free survival (pEFS) and 5-year relapse-free survival (pRFS) were 0.62 \u00b1 0.07 and 0.72 \u00b1 0.07, respectively. Treatment outcomes were compared between patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in first complete remission (ICR) (n1 = 17\/64; 27%) and those who did not receive alloHSCT (n2 = 47\/64; 73%). In the alloHSCT group (n1), the estimated survival probabilities were pOS = 0.49 \u00b1 0.13, pEFS = 0.44 \u00b1 0.14, and pRFS = 0.40 \u00b1 0.14. In the non-alloHSCT group (n2), these values were pOS = 0.68 \u00b1 0.08, pEFS = 0.68 \u00b1 0.08, and pRFS = 0.84 \u00b1 0.06. The difference in pRFS between groups n1 and n2 was statistically significant (p = 0.0049). Extramedullary relapses were more frequently observed in patients who had undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) does not improve the outcome of patients with MS. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies for sustaining remission in patients with MS after alloHSCT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13030343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:41:02Z","timestamp":1772188862000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Outcomes of Myeloid Sarcoma in 64 Pediatric Patients and the Impact of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation on Treatment Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Samborska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Skalska-Sadowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Wachowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Czoga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walentyna","family":"Balwierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6867-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Skocze\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Bartoszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3158-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Styczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Ociepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Hemato-Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-001 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Urasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Hemato-Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-001 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Hematology, Wroclaw Medical University, 20-529 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Ka\u0142wak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Hematology, Wroclaw Medical University, 20-529 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Muszy\u0144ska-Ros\u0142an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Szmydki-Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3656-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"\u0141aguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mizia-Malarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Hematology and Chemotherapy, Upper Silesia Children\u2019s Care Health Centre, Medical Univeristy of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5336-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szczepa\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Choda\u0142a-Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Regional Polyclinic Hospital in Kielce, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Karolczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Regional Polyclinic Hospital in Kielce, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyna","family":"Maciejka-Kemb\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninela","family":"Irga-Jaworska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mycko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Hematology and Oncology, Province Children\u2019s Hospital, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Badowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Hematology and Oncology, Province Children\u2019s Hospital, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bobeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"M\u0142ynarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Chaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Clinic of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7207-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Zawitkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Drabko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7239-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Derwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorn, K.E., Cunningham, A.M., Meyer, A.E., Carlson, K.S., and Rao, S. 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