{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:42:00Z","timestamp":1772692920938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vedeck\u00e1 grantov\u00e1 agent\u00fara M\u0160VVaM SR a SAV","award":["01\/0183\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/0183\/24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents is a major global public health issue, and suicide is one of the leading causes of death in this age group. While psychosocial determinants of suicidality are well established, understanding its biological risk factors is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment. This review presents a narrative synthesis of recent literature examining current evidence on the biological mechanisms that contribute to youth suicidality. Genetic liability plays a substantial role, often interacting with environmental stressors. Key neurobiological factors include dysfunction of the serotonin system and impaired neuroplasticity, characterized by a glutamate\u2013gamma-aminobutyric acid imbalance and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Psychosocial stress appears linked to these changes through several pathways, including dysregulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the kynurenine pathway. Neurodevelopmental conditions like autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as well as sleep disturbances, may further increase risk. While therapeutic agents such as ketamine and lithium target these neurobiological systems, evidence for their anti-suicidal efficacy in youth remains limited, with only a small number of randomized controlled trials conducted in pediatric populations. Biological research offers valuable insights, but the use of varied study methods and a lack of longitudinal data complicate its translation into clinical practice. Future studies should employ integrative, developmentally informed models to elucidate causal mechanisms and inform more effective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13030356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2075-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Vatr\u00e1l","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Psychiatry, The National Institute of Children\u2019s Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbov\u00e1 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4670-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Jur\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Psychiatry, The National Institute of Children\u2019s Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbov\u00e1 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Katren\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7419-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Muchov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zde\u0148ka","family":"\u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5111-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Trebatick\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Psychiatry, The National Institute of Children\u2019s Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbov\u00e1 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40719-022-00223-7","article-title":"Adolescent Suicide\u2014Understanding Unique Risks and Opportunities for Trauma Centers to Recognize, Intervene, and Prevent a Leading Cause of Death","volume":"8","author":"Hink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Trauma Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102506","article-title":"Global Trends in Youth Suicide from 1990 to 2020: An Analysis of Data from the WHO Mortality Database","volume":"70","author":"Bertuccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and Youth: Risk Factors. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00540"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02457.x","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Self-Reported Suicide Attempts, Self-Harm Thoughts and Their Correlates across 17 European Countries","volume":"53","author":"Kokkevi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"310","article-title":"Risk Factors and Profiles of Reattempted Suicide in Children Aged Less than 12 Years","volume":"101","year":"2024","journal-title":"An. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14482\/psdc.41.1.115.658","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Attempt in Latin American Adolescents and Youth: Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Bello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psicol. Desde Caribe"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hocaoglu, C. (2023). Editorial: The Neurobiology of Suicide: The \u2018suicidal Brain\u2019. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1215902"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou Chahla, M.N., Khalil, M.I., Comai, S., Brundin, L., Erhardt, S., and Guillemin, G.J. (2023). Biological Factors Underpinning Suicidal Behaviour: An Update. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030505"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardelli, I., Serafini, G., Cortese, N., Fiasch\u00e8, F., O\u2019Connor, R.C., and Pompili, M. (2020). The Involvement of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Suicide Risk. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090653"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuin, M., and de Leo, D. (2025). Suicide-Related Mortality Trends in Europe, 2012\u20132021. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22060890"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranckeviciene, E., and Kasperiuniene, J. (2024). Global Suicide Mortality Rates (2000\u20132019): Clustering, Themes, and Causes Analyzed through Machine Learning and Bibliographic Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091202"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2025, September 03). NCZI Samovra\u017edy a Samovra\u017eedn\u00e9 Pokusy. Available online: https:\/\/www.nczisk.sk\/Statisticke_vystupy\/Tematicke_statisticke_vystupy\/Samovrazdy_samovrazedne_pokusy\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.044","article-title":"Is the COVID-19 Pandemic a Risk Factor for Suicide Attempts in Adolescent Girls?","volume":"292","author":"Gracia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7024e1","article-title":"Emergency Department Visits for Suspected Suicide Attempts Among Persons Aged 12\u201325 Years Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014United States, January 2019\u2013May 2021","volume":"70","author":"Yard","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardelli, I., Rogante, E., Sarubbi, S., Erbuto, D., Cifrodelli, M., Concolato, C., Pasquini, M., Lester, D., Innamorati, M., and Pompili, M. (2022). Is Lethality Different between Males and Females? Clinical and Gender Differences in Inpatient Suicide Attempters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013309"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvez-S\u00e1nchez, C.M., Camacho-Ruiz, J.A., Castelli, L., and Limi\u00f1ana-Gras, R.M. (2025). Exploring the Role of Masculinity in Male Suicide: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry Int., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/psychiatryint6010002"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.01.007","article-title":"Brief Report: Sex Differences in Suicide Rates and Suicide Methods among Adolescents in South Korea, Japan, Finland, and the US","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-018-1196-1","article-title":"Gender Differences in Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"64","author":"Alayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-01969-w","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors of Self-Harm and Suicidality in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Richardson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"612","article-title":"Factors Associated with Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review Using the Socio-Ecological Model","volume":"61","author":"Carbonell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023064800","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-064800","article-title":"Suicide and Suicide Risk in Adolescents","volume":"153","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.017","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Self-Harm in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews","volume":"168","author":"McEvoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baham\u00f3n, M.J., Javela, J.J., Ortega-Bechara, A., Matar-Khalil, S., Ocampo-Fl\u00f3rez, E., Uribe-Alvarado, J.I., Cabezas-Corcione, A., and Cudris-Torres, L. (2025). Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22030411"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00842-9","article-title":"Network Analysis of Influential Risk Factors in Adolescent Suicide Attempters","volume":"18","author":"Cebria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Song, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Lin, J., and Chen, J. (2025). Relevant Factors Contributing to Risk of Suicide among Adolescents. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06421-8"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.07.003","article-title":"Associations between Sleep Duration and Suicidality in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morcillo, V., Ferrer-Ribot, M., Mut-Amengual, B., Bagur, S., and Rossell\u00f3, M.R. (2025). Mental Health and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13091039"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2022.07.001","article-title":"Adolescent, Parent, and Provider Perspectives on School-Related Influences of Mental Health in Adolescents with Suicide-Related Thoughts and Behaviors","volume":"93","author":"Marraccini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro, G.V.R., Arias, P., de la Torre-Luque, A., Singer, J.B., and Lagunas, N. (2025). Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide Among Adolescents: Sex Differences and Future Perspectives. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103446"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002774","article-title":"The Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Burden among 251 763 School-Based Adolescents in 77 Low- and Middle-Income to High-Income Countries: Assessing Global, Regional and National Variations","volume":"52","author":"Mahumud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagamitsu, S., Mimaki, M., Koyanagi, K., Tokita, N., Kobayashi, Y., Hattori, R., Ishii, R., Matsuoka, M., Yamashita, Y., and Yamagata, Z. (2020). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Suicidality in Japanese Adolescents: Results from a Population-Based Questionnaire Survey. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02362-9"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.Y., Park, Y.S., Joo, H.J., and Park, E.-C. (2024). Association between Stress Types and Adolescent Suicides: Findings from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1321925"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamun, M.A., Al-Mamun, F., Hasan, M.E., Roy, N., ALmerab, M.M., Gozal, D., and Hossain, M.S. (2025). Exploring Suicidal Thoughts among Prospective University Students: A Study with Applications of Machine Learning and GIS Techniques. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07188-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutkowska, A., Liska, D., Cie\u015blik, B., Wrzeciono, A., Bro\u010f\u00e1ni, J., Barcalov\u00e1, M., Gur\u00edn, D., and Rutkowski, S. (2021). Stress Levels and Mental Well-Being among Slovak Students during e-Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9101356"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavurova, B., Ivankova, V., Rigelsky, M., Mudarri, T., and Miovsky, M. (2022). Somatic Symptoms, Anxiety, and Depression Among College Students in the Czech Republic and Slovakia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859107"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v14.i4.494","article-title":"Adolescent Suicide Risk Factors and the Integration of Social-Emotional Skills in School-Based Prevention Programs","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934720935641","article-title":"Suicide among Black Children: An Integrated Model of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality Theory for Researchers and Clinicians","volume":"51","author":"Opara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Black Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2019.1663329","article-title":"Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among LGBTQ Youth: Meta-Analyses and a Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Hatchel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106498","article-title":"Contributing Factors to Suicide: Political, Social, Cultural and Economic","volume":"152","author":"Stack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00158-0","article-title":"Addressing Key Risk Factors for Suicide at a Societal Level","volume":"9","author":"Pirkis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117120977378","article-title":"Health-Behaviors Associated With the Growing Risk of Adolescent Suicide Attempts: A Data-Driven Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palamarchuk, I.S., and Vaillancourt, T. (2022). Integrative Brain Dynamics in Childhood Bullying Victimization: Cognitive and Emotional Convergence Associated With Stress Psychopathology. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.782154"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wis\u0142owska-Stanek, A., Ko\u0142osowska, K., and Maciejak, P. (2021). Neurobiological Basis of Increased Risk for Suicidal Behaviour. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102519"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13653","article-title":"Suicidal Ideation during Adolescence: The Roles of Aggregate Genetic Liability for Suicide Attempts and Negative Life Events in the Past Year","volume":"63","author":"Lannoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.12.008","article-title":"Genetic Influences on Suicide and Nonfatal Suicidal Behavior: Twin Study Findings","volume":"25","author":"Pedersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-007-0823-2","article-title":"Genetics of Suicide: A Systematic Review of Twin Studies","volume":"119","author":"Voracek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03287-6","article-title":"Distinguishing Clinical and Genetic Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in a Diverse Hospital Population","volume":"15","author":"Colbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0850-6","article-title":"The Intergenerational Transmission of Suicidal Behavior: An Offspring of Siblings Study","volume":"10","author":"Rickert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2008.02.001","article-title":"Familial Transmission of Suicidal Behavior","volume":"31","author":"Brent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-01270-9","article-title":"Psychosocial Risk Factors for Suicidality in Children and Adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Carballo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.03.008","article-title":"Childhood Exposure to a Parental Suicide Attempt and Risk for Substance Use Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Vaughn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, M., Kalyoncu, A., and Bellon, A. (2025). Genetics of Suicide. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16040428"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14020194","article-title":"Toward a Biosignature for Suicide","volume":"171","author":"Oquendo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301331","article-title":"Interaction between Childhood Trauma and Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation in Suicide","volume":"32","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoltenberg, S.F., Lehmann, M.K., Anderson, C., Nag, P., and Anagnopoulos, C. (2011). Serotonin Transporter (5-HTTLPR) Genotype and Childhood Trauma Are Associated with Individual Differences in Decision Making. Front. Genet., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2011.00033"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.029","article-title":"Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors","volume":"91","author":"Mullins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1699","article-title":"The Role of the Serotonergic System in Suicidal Behavior","volume":"9","author":"Sadkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02168-2","article-title":"Understanding the Emergence of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Adolescence from a Brain and Behavioral Developmental Perspective","volume":"51","author":"Lewis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman, D. (2021). Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198834441.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20081224","article-title":"A Brain-Centric Model of Suicidal Behavior","volume":"177","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, D., Mar\u00edn-Mayor, M., Gasparyan, A., Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez, M.S., Rubio, G., and Manzanares, J. (2023). Molecular Changes Associated with Suicide. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316726"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Zhou, G., Xiao, Y., Gu, J., Chen, Q., Xie, S., and Wu, J. (2022). Risk of Suicidal Behaviors and Antidepressant Exposure Among Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.880496"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01676-3","article-title":"Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment Following Diagnosis of Depression on Suicidal Behaviour Risk: A Target Trial Emulation","volume":"48","author":"Lagerberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01179-z","article-title":"Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Suicidal Behaviour: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"47","author":"Lagerberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gage, D.S., Priefer, V.E., and Priefer, R. (2025). A Narrative Review: Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and the Risk of Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents. Adolescents, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/adolescents5010005"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02285-2","article-title":"The Complex Clinical Response to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Depression: A Network Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Boschloo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.11.036","article-title":"Reward-Related Neural Dysfunction in Youth with a History of Suicidal Ideation: The Importance of Temporal Predictability","volume":"158","author":"Gorka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102711","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolite Concentrations in Suicide Attempt: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.045","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Monoamines among Suicide Attempters: A Systematic Review and Random-Effects Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Hoertel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.75","article-title":"Reward Signals, Attempted Suicide, and Impulsivity in Late-Life Depression","volume":"70","author":"Dombrovski","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, M., Morici, J.F., Zanoni, M.B., and Bekinschtein, P. (2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toader, C., Serban, M., Munteanu, O., Covache-Busuioc, R.-A., Enyedi, M., Ciurea, A.V., and Tataru, C.P. (2025). From Synaptic Plasticity to Neurodegeneration: BDNF as a Transformative Target in Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094271"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.255","article-title":"Mechanisms of Ketamine Action as an Antidepressant","volume":"23","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antos, Z., \u017bukow, X., Bursztynowicz, L., and Jakub\u00f3w, P. (2024). Beyond NMDA Receptors: A Narrative Review of Ketamine\u2019s Rapid and Multifaceted Mechanisms in Depression Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413658"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12458","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Suicidal Behaviour","volume":"132","author":"Brundin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, C., Xu, M., Ye, M., Yang, W., and Fang, M. (2025). Association between Serum Oxidative Stress Indicators, Inflammatory Indicators and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1539158"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"e51175","article-title":"Gross Changes in Adrenal Glands in Suicidal and Sudden Death Cases: A Postmortem Study","volume":"15","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sporniak, B., and Szewczuk-Bogus\u0142awska, M. (2025). Do Cortisol Levels Play a Role in Suicidal Behaviors and Non-Suicidal Self-Injuries in Children and Adolescents?\u2014A Narrative Review. Brain Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030287"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genis-Mendoza, A.D., Dionisio-Garc\u00eda, D.M., Gonzalez-Castro, T.B., Tovilla-Zar\u00e1te, C.A., Ju\u00e1rez-Rojop, I.E., L\u00f3pez-Narv\u00e1ez, M.L., Castillo-Avila, R.G., and Nicolini, H. (2022). Increased Levels of Cortisol in Individuals With Suicide Attempt and Its Relation With the Number of Suicide Attempts and Depression. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912021"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.01.001","article-title":"Blunted HPA Axis Activity Prior to Suicide Attempt and Increased Inflammation in Attempters","volume":"77","author":"Melhem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00694.x","article-title":"Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Stress Response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-012-0358-0","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction as a Neurobiological Correlate of Emotion Dysregulation in Adolescent Suicide","volume":"8","author":"Braquehais","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-062520-122331","article-title":"Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes","volume":"72","author":"Thayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression","volume":"67","author":"Dowlati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12320","article-title":"Abnormal Gene Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Their Receptors in the Lymphocytes of Bipolar Patients","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0015","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines in Children and Adolescents with Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Nageye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Depression: From Evolutionary Imperative to Modern Treatment Target","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"898393","article-title":"Markers of Oxidative Stress and Neuroprogression in Depression Disorder","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.05.007","article-title":"Evidence for Increased Microglial Priming and Macrophage Recruitment in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate White Matter of Depressed Suicides","volume":"42","author":"Cruceanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katren\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, B., Vav\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Paduchov\u00e1, Z., Nagyov\u00e1, Z., Garaiova, I., Muchov\u00e1, J., \u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1, Z., and Trebatick\u00e1, J. (2021). Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzymes in Children and Adolescents with Depressive Disorder and Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Randomised Clinical Trial. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081256"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trebatick\u00e1, J., Vatr\u00e1l, M., Katren\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, B., Muchov\u00e1, J., and \u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1, Z. (2025). Current Insight into Biological Markers of Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060699"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112911","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty-Acids Modulate Symptoms of Depressive Disorder, Serum Levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Omega-6\/Omega-3 Ratio in Children. A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial","volume":"287","author":"Gushina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-022-00518-1","article-title":"Childhood Depression and Oxidative Stress","volume":"58","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02689-1","article-title":"The Association between Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Suicidal Ideation\/Self-Harm in the United Kingdom Biobank","volume":"24","author":"Franco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oravcova, H., Katrencikova, B., Garaiova, I., Durackova, Z., Trebaticka, J., and Jezova, D. (2022). Stress Hormones Cortisol and Aldosterone, and Selected Markers of Oxidative Stress in Response to Long-Term Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Adolescent Children with Depression. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081546"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.133","article-title":"An Enzyme in the Kynurenine Pathway That Governs Vulnerability to Suicidal Behavior by Regulating Excitotoxicity and Neuroinflammation","volume":"6","author":"Brundin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, A.S., and Vale, N. (2022). Tryptophan Metabolism in Depression: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Serotonin and Kynurenine Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158493"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17590914231181037","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914231181037","article-title":"How Oxidative Stress Induces Depression?","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilavsk\u00e1, L., Morvov\u00e1, M., Muchov\u00e1, J., Paduchov\u00e1, Z., Garaiova, I., \u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1, Z., \u0160ikurov\u00e1, L., and Trebatick\u00e1, J. (2024). The Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathway, Neopterin and Biopterin in Depressed Children and Adolescents: An Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Association with Markers Related to Depressive Disorder. A Randomized, Blinded, Prospective Study. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1347178"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100537","article-title":"The Tryptophan Catabolite or Kynurenine Pathway in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Almulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widnall, E., Epstein, S., Polling, C., Velupillai, S., Jewell, A., Dutta, R., Simonoff, E., Stewart, R., Gilbert, R., and Ford, T. (2022). Autism Spectrum Disorders as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Self-Harm: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 113,286 Young People in the UK. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02329-w"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70618","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70618","article-title":"Longitudinal Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Garas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adachi, M., Takahashi, M., and Mori, H. (2025). Positive Childhood Experiences Reduce Suicide Risk in Japanese Youth with ASD and ADHD Traits: A Population-Based Study. Front. Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1566098"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15050652","article-title":"Multimodal Neuroimaging of Frontolimbic Structure and Function Associated With Suicide Attempts in Adolescents and Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder","volume":"174","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Huang, Y., Li, X., Liu, Y., Yu, R., Long, Y., Lv, F., and Zhou, X. (2022). Aberrant Frontolimbic Circuit in Female Depressed Adolescents with and without Suicidal Attempts: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1007144"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0170-2","article-title":"Neuroimaging-Informed Phenotypes of Suicidal Behavior: A Family History of Suicide and the Use of a Violent Suicidal Means","volume":"8","author":"Jollant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Heeringen, K., Bijttebier, S., Desmyter, S., Vervaet, M., and Baeken, C. (2014). Is There a Neuroanatomical Basis of the Vulnerability to Suicidal Behavior? A Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of Structural and Functional MRI Studies. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00824"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02449-0","article-title":"Brain Structural and Functional Outcomes in the Offspring of Women Experiencing Psychological Distress during Pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.11.023","article-title":"Prenatal Stress and the Developing Brain: Postnatal Environments Promoting Resilience","volume":"93","author":"Nolvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab038","article-title":"Preterm Birth, Low Fetal Growth and Risk of Suicide in Adulthood: A National Cohort and Co-Sibling Study","volume":"50","author":"Crump","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01777-x","article-title":"Prenatal Origins of Suicide Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Govender","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldini, V., Gnazzo, M., Rapelli, G., Marchi, M., Pingani, L., Ferrari, S., De Ronchi, D., Varallo, G., Starace, F., and Franceschini, C. (2024). Association between Sleep Disturbances and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1341686"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2433734","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.33734","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance and Subsequent Suicidal Behaviors in Preadolescence","volume":"7","author":"Gowin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57921-2","article-title":"Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Adolescents with Attempted Suicide","volume":"14","author":"Rolling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waszak, P.M., Opalko, J., Olsza\u0144ska, N., and Zago\u017cd\u017con, P. (2025). Anti-Suicidal Effects of Lithium, Ketamine, and Clozapine\u2014A 10-Year Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050742"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2024.08.134","article-title":"2.35 Low-Dose Intravenous Ketamine for Adolescents With Depression and Suicidal Ideation in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"63","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfson, P.E., Andries, J., Ahlers, D., and Whippo, M. (2023). Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy in Adolescents with Multiple Psychiatric Diagnoses. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1141988"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2024.107777","article-title":"Ketamine Treatment in Youth for Fast Reduction of Suicidality and Engagement in Psychotherapy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Protocol","volume":"149","author":"Falcone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02458-y","article-title":"Ketamine for Mood Disorders, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Bruton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sesso, G., Bargnesi, F., Olzi, F., Mutti, G., Berloffa, S., Viglione, V., Fantozzi, P., Tolomei, G., Guccione, F., and Milone, A. (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Lithium for Suicide and Suicide-Related Behaviors in Youth: A Review of the Literature. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111139"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36973-4","article-title":"Regional Clozapine, ECT and Lithium Usage Inversely Associated with Excess Suicide Rates in Male Adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Andersson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119738","article-title":"Relationship between Regional Prescriptions of Lithium and Clozapine and Suicide Mortality in Children and Adolescents in France between 2014 and 2019","volume":"389","author":"Guez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.21037\/pm-23-23","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Advances in Pharmacotherapy for Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Youth within the Era of Heightened Social Media","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huertes-del Arco, A., Izquierdo-Sotorr\u00edo, E., Carrasco, M.A., Caro-Ca\u00f1izares, I., and Holgado-Tello, F.P. (2024). Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents and Young Adults: The Role of Defeat, Entrapment, and Depressive Symptoms\u2014From a Systematic Review to a Tentative Theoretical Model. Behav. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14121145"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peth\u0151, B., Kov\u00e1cs, M.\u00c1., Simon, D., T\u00f3th, T., Hajnal, A.S., Csulak, T., Hebling, D., Albert, N., Varga, E., and Herold, M. (2024). Investigation of Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Association with Suicide Risk in Major Depressive Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1321354"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagliano, A., Costanza, C., Di Modica, I., Carucci, S., Donno, F., German\u00f2, E., Abbate, C.S., Roccella, M., and Vetri, L. (2024). Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Suicide: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061627"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakken, V., Lydersen, S., Skokauskas, N., Sund, A.M., and Kaasb\u00f8ll, J. (2025). Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study Examining Sex Differences. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06552-6"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/3\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T05:27:42Z","timestamp":1772688462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/3\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children13030356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13030356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}