{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:28:54Z","timestamp":1772717334364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UC Irvine Institute of Clinical Translational Science CCRI award","award":["UL1 TR001414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001414"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001445","name":"Alex\u2019s Lemonade Stand Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALS-5577146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALS-5577146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cancer health disparities among Latinos in the United States are pervasive and manifest in higher morbidity and mortality among pediatric cancer patients and their parents\/caregivers. There is a need to engage in culturally congruent approaches to develop interventions that effectively mitigate cancer health disparities among Latino caregivers. Aims: The purpose of this manuscript is to present the methodological process of adopting a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to develop a culturally congruent intervention to address psychosocial cancer health disparities in Spanish-speaking Latino families impacted by childhood cancer. Materials and Methods: We established two partnerships with Spanish-speaking parents of children previously treated for cancer and whose children were currently undergoing cancer treatment to collaboratively identify psychosocial intervention targets. A total of 22 meetings were held with community collaborators (n = 13) that followed CBPR principles. All meetings were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded using an inductive approach. Results: The intervention framework identified three psychosocial outcomes: caregiver health literacy, culturally congruent care, and emotional well-being. A 12-session intervention addressing the three outcomes was developed integrating cultural values and bilingual and bicultural community and healthcare providers. Conclusions: A CBPR approach was adopted to address disparities in quality of life in Spanish-speaking caregivers of children with cancer, which resulted in a multicomponent intervention that addresses the informational, practical, and psychosocial needs of Latino caregivers. The intervention can help mitigate disparities in well-being for Latino families impacted by childhood cancer by incorporating culturally relevant strategies to optimize health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13030369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1772711531000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Culturally Congruent Psychosocial Intervention for Latino Caregivers of Children with Cancer: Intervention Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lessley","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCI Center on Stress and Health, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCI Center on Stress and Health, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chicano\/Latino Studies, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haydee","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCI Center on Stress and Health, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4629-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Rady Children\u2019s Health, San Diego, CA 92123, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Rady Children\u2019s Health, San Diego, CA 92123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilibeth","family":"Torno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Rady Children\u2019s Health, San Diego, CA 92123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeev N.","family":"Kain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCI Center on Stress and Health, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8896-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCI Center on Stress and Health, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"Cancer Statistics for Hispanics\/Latinos, 2018","volume":"68","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-019-00515-x","article-title":"Disparities in Survival and Health Outcomes in Childhood Leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Winestone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637231188583","article-title":"Intersectionality as a theoretical framework for researching health inequities in chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"Macgregor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00744-4","article-title":"Predictors of Latinx Youth Health and Emotional Well-being: Social Determinants of Health Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Held","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12008","article-title":"Caregiving, single parents and cumulative stresses when caring for a child with cancer","volume":"40","author":"Granek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70212-1","article-title":"Psychological morbidity and quality of life of ethnic minority patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Luckett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-015-9399-6","article-title":"The Impact of Ethnicity, Language, and Anxiety on Quality of Life in Children with Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Qual. Life"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326888CHC3204_1","article-title":"Pediatric-Specific Parenting Stress and Family Functioning in Parents of Children Treated for Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Streisand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1188\/13.ONF.337-346","article-title":"Family Caregiver Burden, Skills Preparedness, and Quality of Life in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"28","article-title":"Health risk factors in caregivers of terminal cancer patients: A pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Partinico","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7405","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.09.110","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms during treatment in parents of children with cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kazak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsr054","article-title":"Cancer-related sources of stress for children with cancer and their parents","volume":"37","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.07.003","article-title":"Substantial reduction of na\u00efve and regulatory T cells following traumatic stress","volume":"23","author":"Sommershof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26150","article-title":"The impact of language barriers and immigration status on the care experience for Spanish-speaking caregivers of patients with pediatric cancer","volume":"63","author":"Zamora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000122","article-title":"Incorporating the cultural diversity of family and close relationships into the study of health","volume":"72","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/07399863870094003","article-title":"Hispanic Familism and Acculturation: What Changes and What Doesn\u2019t?","volume":"9","author":"Sabogal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hisp. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013883","article-title":"Evidence that a simp\u00e1tico self-schema accounts for differences in the self-concepts and social behavior of Latinos versus Whites (and Blacks)","volume":"96","author":"Holloway","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000324","article-title":"Measurement of a Latino cultural value: The Simpat\u00eda scale","volume":"26","author":"Acevedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gonzalez, J.E., Liew, J., Curtis, G.A., and Zou, Y. (2023). Familismo, Respeto, and Bien Educado: Traditional\/Cultural Models and Values in Latinos. Family Literacy Practices in Asian and Latinx Families: Educational and Cultural Considerations, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034094","article-title":"Familism and psychological health: The intervening role of closeness and social support","volume":"20","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24527","article-title":"Mental health disparities between hispanic and non-hispanic parents of childhood cancer survivors","volume":"60","author":"Meeske","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantwill, S., Monestel-Uma\u00f1a, S., and Schulz, P.J. (2015). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Health Disparities: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145455"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01290","article-title":"Systematic Review of Interventions Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Care and Health Outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Grant","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-010-9371-4","article-title":"Cultural Adaptation of an Evidence Based Intervention: From Theory to Practice in a Latino\/a Community Context","volume":"47","author":"Baumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Israel, B.A., Eng, E., Schulz, A.J., and Parker, E.A. (2012). Introduction to methods in CBPR for health. Methods for Community-Based Participatory Research for Health, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839906289376","article-title":"Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities","volume":"7","author":"Wallerstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173","article-title":"Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health","volume":"19","author":"Israel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2013.0040","article-title":"Beyond incentives for involvement to compensation for consultants: Increasing equity in CBPR approaches","volume":"7","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Community Health Partnersh. Res. Educ. Action"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.405","article-title":"Quick Assessment of Literacy in Primary Care: The Newest Vital Sign","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"qxaf039","article-title":"Health care access, utilization, and quality for children in English versus Spanish-speaking households","volume":"3","author":"Zaylskie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Aff. Sch."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07995-3","article-title":"Barriers in Healthcare for Latinx Patients with Limited English Proficiency\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"38","author":"Escobedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-9523(02)00218-0","article-title":"The impact of language barriers on the health care of Latinos in the United States: A review of the literature and guidelines for practice","volume":"47","author":"Timmins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01511.x","article-title":"Spanish Content on Hospital Websites: An Analysis of U.S. Hospitals\u2019 in Concentrated Latino Communities","volume":"15","author":"Gallant","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3436-x","article-title":"\u00bfDoctor, habla espa\u00f1ol? Increasing the Supply and Quality of Language-Concordant Physicians for Spanish-Speaking Patients","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2017.1356785","article-title":"Examining marianismo gender role attitudes, ethnic identity, mental health, and substance use in Mexican American early adolescent girls","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909112448926","article-title":"Latino Values in the Context of Palliative Care: Illustrative Cases from the Family Focused Grief Therapy Trial","volume":"30","author":"Hichenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Med."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/3\/369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:28:52Z","timestamp":1772713732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/3\/369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children13030369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13030369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}}}