{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:14:04Z","timestamp":1775024044584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014468","name":"Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014468","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Sant\u00e9 (FRQS)\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/02eqrsj93"},{"name":"ATS Early Career Investigator Award, CIHR\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/01gavpb45"},{"name":"Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation and the McGill University Department of Pediatrics\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/04wc5jk96"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Foundation"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics of McGill University\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/01pxwe438"},{"name":"Kids Foundation"},{"name":"Brain-Heart Interconnectome"},{"name":"McGill University\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/01pxwe438"},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre\n              \thttps:\/\/ror.org\/04pemf943"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Postnatal corticosteroids (CS) improve respiratory outcomes in preterm infants, but effects on growth and neurodevelopment remain incompletely understood. Methods: This third instalment of a narrative review series builds on physiologic principles to examine systemic CS consequences. Main Findings: We explore the interplay between growth restriction, hypoxia, and neurodevelopmental vulnerability, discussing brain imaging, metabolic disruptions, and HPA axis suppression. Conclusion: This review advocates for a holistic, physiology-informed approach to optimize outcomes by integrating nutritional vulnerability with cardiorespiratory status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13040475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:40:52Z","timestamp":1774878052000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postnatal Steroids in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review Series\u2014Part 3: Impacts on Growth, Neurodevelopment &amp; Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4912-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoenix","family":"Plessas-Azurduy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical & Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarred","family":"Garfinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Beltempo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Porraccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anie","family":"Lapointe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Wazneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Punnanee","family":"Wutthigate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Sp\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne 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Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wissam","family":"Shalish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Sant\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Altit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, 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