{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1775728061232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional and Development Fund","award":["KK.01.1.1.07.0075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.07.0075"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon Europe EDIAQI","award":["101057497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057497"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The co-occurrence of asthma and obesity presents a significant clinical challenge, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Reduced adiponectin and vitamin D levels have been associated with both conditions, suggesting that their potential modulatory roles warrant further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D and adiponectin levels differ among pediatric groups defined by their asthma and obesity status, to better characterize the metabolic and inflammatory profile of the obesityasthma phenotype. Methods: A total of 120 participants aged 6\u201318 were enrolled and categorized into four groups: Asthma (n = 30), Obesity (n = 30), Asthma + Obesity (n = 30), and Control group (n = 30). All participants underwent lung function testing, anthropometric assessment and measurement of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Participants were further categorized according to BMI percentiles. Adiponectin levels were measured using ELISA, while vitamin D levels were detected using HPLC. Results: Vitamin D levels and lung function parameters did not differ across groups, although deficiency was most prevalent in the obesity group. FeNO was elevated in asthmatics relative to obese children (p = 0.038) and in obese asthmatics compared with both controls (p = 0.040) and obese children (p = 0.021). Adiponectin levels were lower in obese asthmatic children compared to the controls (p = 0.024). A similar difference was observed between the controls and obese asthmatics among children with low vitamin D levels (p = 0.014). Conclusions: The dominant mechanisms underlying the obesity\u2013asthma phenotype remain unclear; however, our findings indicate a link between adiponectin dysregulation and heightened airway inflammation, as evidenced by increased FeNO levels, though the precise pathways involved are still not well-understood. The role of vitamin D appears less consistent. These results highlight the need for further research to clarify the interplay between metabolic and inflammatory pathways and to support more personalized management strategies in children with obesity-related asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13040514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:14:19Z","timestamp":1775567659000},"page":"514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Observational Study of the Role of Adiponectin and Vitamin D in Pediatric Asthma and Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Kne\u017eevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Development Project Management Office, Genera Inc. (Part of Dechra Pharmaceuticals PLC Group), Svetonedeljska cesta 2, 10436 Kalinovica, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4879-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Malev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Materials Chemistry, The Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6284-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Lipej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Department, Srebrnjak Children\u2019s Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Bani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Srebrnjak Children\u2019s Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5339-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana","family":"Turkalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Srebrnjak Children\u2019s Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0017PS","article-title":"Mechanisms of Asthma in Obesity. Pleiotropic Aspects of Obesity Produce Distinct Asthma Phenotypes","volume":"54","author":"Dixon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1091PP","article-title":"Early Origins of Asthma. Role of Microbial Dysbiosis and Metabolic Dysfunction","volume":"197","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. 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