{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:09:14Z","timestamp":1791846554105,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep is a cardinal biological process that backstops central nervous system function, which also plays a crucial role in regulating systemic homeostasis, including immune activities. Cytokines, particularly interleukin-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, act as mediators bridging sleep and inflammation, also influencing both sleep architecture and sleep\u2013wake cycle. Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders such as insomnia, narcolepsy, hypersomnia, or obstructive sleep apnoea may disrupt cytokine production, alter their circadian rhythm of release, and shift secretion peaks from night to day. These changes contribute to daytime fatigue, impaired cognitive and physical performance, increased susceptibility to infections and\/or systemic inflammation. Molecular studies indicate that insufficient sleep primes immune cells to enhance pro-inflammatory responses, creating a feedback loop with neuroendocrine pathways that further exacerbates sleep patterns and inflammatory dysregulation. Understanding the bidirectional relationship between sleep and cytokines may highlight the role of sleep as an active component of immunity regulation and underscore the potential usefulness of multilevel interventions that include complementary and integrative health approaches restoring sleep, normalizing cytokine rhythms and mitigating inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13040535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1776075554000},"page":"535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sleep and Cytokines: A Bidirectional Dialogue Involving Rest and Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignazio","family":"Cammisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, San Giovanni Evangelista Hospital, 00019 Tivoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Zona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Petracca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurologic Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Rulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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