{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:02:47Z","timestamp":1785420167793,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Alliance Foundation","award":["PHD00421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD00421"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-06033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-06033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RGPIN-2019-06033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-06033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010653","name":"Bloorview Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Non-sedate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be challenging for young children with neuromotor disabilities, often resulting in motion-degraded images that complicate interpretation in the context of underlying neuropathology. This study aimed to characterize tolerance factors and barriers related to awake MRI of the pediatric brain and to examine additional considerations in analyzing structural scans affected by motion and pathology. Methods: 10 children (mean age 5y9m; 5 girls; GMFCS level IV) with cerebral palsy (CP) underwent non-sedate 3T MRI of the brain. Tolerance factors and challenges were documented. MRI quality and automated structural preprocessing with Freesurfer (FS) v.8.0 were reviewed by a pediatric neuroradiologist and neurologist. To assess the impact of motion, automated basal ganglia segmentation was compared with manual segmentation. Segmentation accuracy was characterized using Dice Coefficient (D). Results: Five participants (50%) tolerated non-sedate structural MRI, although two of them were unable to remain still. Factors affecting MRI tolerance included sensitivity to scanner noise (n = 4), hyperkinetic movement (n = 2), difficulty with positioning\/padding (n = 4), fear of clinical environment (n = 2) or confined scanner interior (n = 2), and earbud discomfort (n = 3). Automated structural preprocessing with FS yielded discrepancies in gray-white matter boundaries in motion-degraded scans, necessitating manual correction. Automated segmentation of motion-compromised scans closely agreed with manual delineation of the caudate (D \u2265 0.85) and putamen (D \u2265 0.78), while the pallidum was least reproducible (D = 0.58). Conclusions: Tailored acquisition and processing strategies are necessary to support non-sedate MRI in children with CP, preserve downstream neuroimaging analyses, and promote inclusion of underrepresented populations in research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13040560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1776420664000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of Non-Sedate Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Tolerance and Structural Analysis Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4283-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie S.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pulcine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Virginia","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manohar","family":"Shroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horber, V., Grasshoff, U., Sellier, E., Arnaud, C., Kr\u00e4geloh-Mann, I., and Himmelmann, K. (2021). The role of neuroimaging and genetic analysis in the diagnosis of children with cerebral palsy. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.628075"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05044-5","article-title":"Safety challenges related to the use of sedation and general anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging examinations","volume":"51","author":"Artunduaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Scarlett, H.K. (2021). Neuroimaging of Young Children: Parents\u2019 Perceptions and Influence on Language. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Manchester]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stogiannos, N., Pavlopoulou, G., Papadopoulos, C., Walsh, G., Potts, B., Moqbel, S., Gkaravella, A., McNulty, J., Simcock, C., and Gaigg, S. (2023). Strategies to improve the magnetic resonance imaging experience for autistic individuals: A cross-sectional study exploring parents and carers\u2019 experiences. BMC Health Serv. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10333-w"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20767","article-title":"The fMRI success rate of children and adolescents: Typical development, epilepsy, attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"30","author":"Yerys","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2013.795528","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric findings in children with Asperger syndrome, nonverbal learning disability, or healthy controls","volume":"35","author":"Fine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815588995","article-title":"Neuroplastic sensorimotor resting state network reorganization in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy treated with constraint-induced movement therapy","volume":"31","author":"Manning","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.01.004","article-title":"Optimization of fMRI methods to determine laterality of cortical activation during ankle movements of children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"66","author":"Hilderley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa537b","article-title":"Comorbidities in cerebral palsy and their relationship to neurologic subtype and GMFCS level","volume":"72","author":"Shevell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiano, D.L., Pekar, J.J., Mori, S., Faria, A.V., Ye, X., Stashinko, E., Stanley, C.J., Alter, K.E., Hoon, A.H., and Chin, E.M. (2022). Functional and structural brain connectivity in children with bilateral cerebral palsy compared to age-related controls and in response to intensive rapid-reciprocal leg training. Front. Rehabil. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.811509"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2021.08.003","article-title":"Anaesthesia and cerebral palsy","volume":"22","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backhausen, L.L., Herting, M.M., Buse, J., Roessner, V., Smolka, M.N., and Vetter, N.C. (2016). Quality control of structural MRI images applied using Freesurfer\u2014A hands-on workflow to rate motion artifacts. Front. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00558"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.08.009","article-title":"Processing of structural neuroimaging data in young children: Bridging the gap between current practice and state-of-the-art methods","volume":"33","author":"Phan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06457.x","article-title":"Pediatric neuroimaging in early childhood and infancy: Challenges and practical guidelines","volume":"1252","author":"Raschle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Z., Zhao, C., Cui, Z., Zhao, C., and Gong, G. (2015). Parallel workflow tools to facilitate human brain MRI post-processing. Front. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00171"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku\u0142ak, P., Maciorkowska, E., and Go\u015bcik, E. (2016). Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of brain and cerebellum in children with cerebral palsy. Biomed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5961928"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03932.x","article-title":"Function and neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: A population-based study","volume":"53","author":"Himmelmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulli, E.P., Silver, E., Kumpulainen, V., Copeland, A., Merisaari, H., Saunavaara, J., Parkkola, R., L\u00e4hdesm\u00e4ki, T., Saukko, E., and Nolvi, S. (2022). Feasibility of Freesurfer processing for T1-weighted brain images of 5-year-olds: Semiautomated protocol of Finnbrain neuroimaging lab. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.874062"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickel, K., van Elst, L.T., Manko, J., Unterrainer, J., Rauh, R., Klein, C., Endres, D., Kaller, C.P., Mader, I., and Riedel, A. (2018). Inferior frontal gyrus volume loss distinguishes between autism and (comorbid) attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2014A Freesurfer analysis in children. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00521"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutzoukas, E.M., Crutcher, J., Somoza, E., Sepeta, L.N., You, X., Gaillard, W.D., Wallace, G.L., and Berl, M.M. (2020). Cortical thickness in childhood left focal epilepsy: Thinning beyond the seizure focus. Epilepsy Behav., 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106825"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franki, I., Mailleux, L., Emsell, L., Peedima, M.-L., Fehrenbach, A., Feys, H., and Ortibus, E. (2020). The relationship between neuroimaging and motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review\u2014Part A. Structural imaging. Res. Dev. Disabil., 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103606"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Chen, C., Chen, N., Zheng, H., Chen, Y., Li, X., Jia, Q., and Li, T. (2024). Clinical characteristics and rehabilitation potential in children with cerebral palsy based on MRI classification system. Front. Pediatr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1382172"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14751","article-title":"Leisure-time physical activity interventions for children and adults with cerebral palsy: A scoping review","volume":"63","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02180-y","article-title":"Factors associated with MRI success in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy and controls","volume":"93","author":"Woodward","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.000739","article-title":"Life after perinatal stroke","volume":"44","author":"Kirton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, S.S., de Holanda, L.J., Chau, T., and Wright, F.V. (2024). Physiotherapy-assisted overground exoskeleton use: Mixed methods feasibility study protocol quantifying the user experience, as well as functional, neural, and muscular outcomes in children with mobility impairments. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1398459"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033","article-title":"Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies","volume":"54","author":"Fonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493513518374","article-title":"Children having magnetic resonance imaging: A preparatory storybook and audio\/visual media are preferable to anesthesia or deep sedation","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child. Health Care."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, S.S., Chau, T., Kawamura, A., and Wright, F.V. (Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 2026). Exoskeleton-assisted physiotherapy in school and outpatient contexts for minimally ambulant children with cerebral palsy, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70212"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080037","article-title":"Longitudinal construct validity of the GMFM-88 total score and goal total score and the GMFM-66 Score in a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"89","author":"Jarnlo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001162","article-title":"The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: Scale development and evidence of validity and reliability","volume":"48","author":"Eliasson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03996.x","article-title":"Developing and validating the Communication Function Classification System for individuals with cerebral palsy","volume":"53","author":"Hidecker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/IYC.0b013e31821bd7c8","article-title":"Evaluation of the test-retest reliability of the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ) in preschool-aged children","volume":"24","author":"Igoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infants Young Child."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00695.x","article-title":"Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: A collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers","volume":"42","author":"Cans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0319-y","article-title":"Paediatric population neuroimaging and the Generation R Study: The second wave","volume":"33","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billot, B., Greve, D.N., Puonti, O., Thielscher, A., Van Leemput, K., Fischl, B., Dalca, A.V., and Iglesias, J.E. (2023). SynthSeg: Segmentation of brain MRI scans of any contrast and resolution without retraining. Med. Image Anal., 83.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102789"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, W., Ngo, N., Dalca, A.V., Fischl, B., Z\u00f6llei, L., and Hoffmann, M. (2024, January 27\u201330). Boosting skull-stripping performance for pediatric brain images. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI56570.2024.10635307"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.084","article-title":"Within-subject template estimation for unbiased longitudinal image analysis","volume":"61","author":"Reuter","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedges, E.P., Dimitrov, M., Zahid, U., Vega, B.B., Si, S., Dickson, H., McGuire, P., Williams, S., Barker, G.J., and Kempton, M.J. (2022). Reliability of structural MRI measurements: The effects of scan session, head tilt, inter-scan interval, acquisition sequence, FreeSurfer version and processing stream. NeuroImage, 246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118751"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02400-x","article-title":"Manual delineation approaches for direct imaging of the subcortex","volume":"227","author":"Alkemade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlaki, G., Horvath, R., Nagy, S.A., Bogner, P., Doczi, T., Janszky, J., and Orsi, G. (2017). Comparison of accuracy between FSL\u2019s FIRST and Freesurfer for caudate nucleus and putamen segmentation. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02584-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00144.x","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Horber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0674-9","article-title":"Patterns of neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischaemic brain injury","volume":"52","author":"Groenendaal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30173-1","article-title":"Perinatal stroke: Mechanisms, management, and outcomes of early cerebrovascular brain injury","volume":"2","author":"Dunbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.07.004","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration of the cerebral peduncle and association with motor outcome in childhood stroke","volume":"102","author":"Domi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.04.007","article-title":"Extent of altered white matter in unilateral and bilateral periventricular white matter lesions in children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"55","author":"Scheck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00434-2","article-title":"Maturation of white matter in the human brain: A review of magnetic resonance studies","volume":"54","author":"Paus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bray, L., Booth, L., Gray, V., Maden, M., Thompson, J., and Saron, H. (2022). Interventions and methods to prepare, educate or familiarise children and young people for radiological procedures: A scoping review. Insights Imaging, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01278-5"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-024-05964-y","article-title":"Feasibility and success of a non-sedated brain MRI training protocol in 7-year-old children from rural and semi-rural Colombia","volume":"54","author":"Corn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12446","article-title":"Time use of parents raising children with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disabilities","volume":"43","author":"Luijkx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohlasch, K.L., Cioffredi, L.-A., Lenninger, C., Stewart, E., Vatalaro, T., Garavan, H., Graham, A., Heil, S.H., Krans, E.E., and Robakis, T. (2021). Factors associated with parent views about participation in infant MRI research provide guidance for the design of the Healthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci., 50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100986"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-2996-y","article-title":"Prediction of compliance with MRI procedures among children of ages 3 years to 12 years","volume":"44","author":"Cahoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01277-6","article-title":"Fear and discomfort of children and adolescents during MRI: Ethical consideration on research MRIs in children","volume":"91","author":"Everts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jradnu.2013.11.006","article-title":"Children\u2019s and parent\u2019s perceptions of a magnetic resonance imaging examination","volume":"33","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X","article-title":"Executive committee for the definition of cerebral palsy. Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy","volume":"47","author":"Bax","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23088","article-title":"Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood","volume":"25","author":"Sanger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2205-1","article-title":"Prospective motion correction improves diagnostic utility of pediatric MRI scans","volume":"41","author":"Kuperman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16119","article-title":"Deep learning-based motion quantification from k-space for fast model-based magnetic resonance imaging motion correction","volume":"50","author":"Hossbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018180180","article-title":"Robust motion correction strategy for structural MRI in unsedated children demonstrated with three-dimensional radial MPnRAGE","volume":"289","author":"Kecskemeti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagnozzi, A.M., Dowson, N., Fiori, S., Doecke, J., Bradley, A.P., Boyd, R.N., and Rose, S. (2016). Alterations in regional shape on ipsilateral and contralateral cortex contrast in children with unilateral cerebral palsy and are predictive of multiple outcomes. Hum. Brain Mapp., 37.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23262"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beelen, C., Phan, T.V., Wouters, J., Ghesqui\u00e8re, P., and Vandermosten, M. (2020). Investigating the added value of FreeSurfer\u2019s manual editing procedure for the study of the reading network in a pediatric population. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00143"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15761","article-title":"Subcortical and hippocampal brain segmentation in 5-year-old children: Validation of FSL-FIRST and FreeSurfer against manual segmentation","volume":"56","author":"Lidauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.038","article-title":"Hippocampus and amygdala volumes from magnetic resonance images in children: Assessing accuracy of FreeSurfer and FSL against manual segmentation","volume":"129","author":"Schoemaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.069","article-title":"Evaluating accuracy of striatal, pallidal, and thalamic segmentation methods: Comparing automated approaches to manual delineation","volume":"170","author":"Makowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.11.002","article-title":"Functional outcomes of children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy depend on etiology and gestational age","volume":"30","author":"Kitai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.07.030","article-title":"Relationship between characteristics on magnetic resonance imaging and motor outcomes in children with cerebral palsy and white matter injury","volume":"45\u201346","author":"Reid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/4\/560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T04:13:39Z","timestamp":1776572019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/4\/560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children13040560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13040560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}