{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:10:43Z","timestamp":1776949843720,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is usually managed conservatively during infancy, whereas surgical treatment is considered for persistent deformity in older children. However, evidence remains limited regarding the outcomes of distal resection combined with proximal release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in children presenting beyond infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the functional and cosmetic outcomes of this combined approach in patients aged 3 years and older. Methods: This retrospective single-surgeon series included 37 patients with CMT aged 3 to 14 years who underwent distal resection combined with proximal release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle between 2002 and 2024. Preoperative and postoperative assessments were performed using the clinical outcome framework originally described by Lee et al., goniometric measurement of cervical rotation and lateral flexion, and clinical evaluation of head tilt, facial asymmetry, scar appearance, lateral band formation, and sternocleidomastoid V-column contour. Patients were also analyzed according to age at surgery, as 3\u201310 years and 11\u201314 years. Results: The mean age at surgery was 4.7 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 3.4 years. Significant postoperative improvement was observed in all major functional outcomes. Mean cervical rotation improved from 54.2 \u00b1 8.6\u00b0 to 87.9 \u00b1 3.4\u00b0, and mean lateral flexion improved from 24.1 \u00b1 6.8\u00b0 to 44.5 \u00b1 3.2\u00b0 (both p &lt; 0.001). Preoperative functional assessment scores averaged 6.8 \u00b1 1.4, whereas postoperative total outcome scores averaged 14.2 \u00b1 0.9. At final follow-up, no patient had residual head tilt. Mild residual facial asymmetry persisted in 3 patients (8.1%). Overall, postoperative outcomes were rated as excellent in 33 patients (89.2%) and good in 4 patients (10.8%). A slight partial loss of the sternocleidomastoid V-column contour was observed in 34 patients (91.9%), although this finding was not documented as a major cosmetic concern in the available clinical records. Hypertrophic scarring developed in 1 patient (2.7%). No lateral band formation, recurrence, revision surgery, infection, or hematoma was observed. Conclusions: Distal resection combined with proximal release provided favorable functional and cosmetic outcomes in children older than 3 years with CMT. The technique was associated with marked improvement in cervical motion, correction of head tilt, low complication rates, and a high proportion of excellent or good results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13050585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T12:04:42Z","timestamp":1776945882000},"page":"585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Cosmetic Outcomes of Distal Resection Combined with Proximal Release in Children Older than 3 Years with Congenital Muscular Torticollis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana 01230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1243-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Yi\u011fit","family":"G\u00f6kmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, \u00c7anakkale 17110, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000001114","article-title":"Physical Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A 2024 Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Physical Therapy Association Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Sargent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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