{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:09:14Z","timestamp":1778735354632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are lifelong neurodevelopmental conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Despite high FASD rates in high-risk adoptive populations, little is known about the experiences of adoptive parents in Israel, where underdiagnosis and limited professional awareness persist. Drawing on ecological and family systems theory, this study explored the daily challenges, coping strategies, and service-related barriers encountered by adoptive parents raising children with FASD. Methods: Using a qualitative, exploratory design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 adoptive parents of children aged 9\u201318 years with a parent-reported clinical diagnosis of FASD made by a healthcare professional. The interviews focused on child-related difficulties, coping mechanisms, diagnostic experiences, and interactions with health, education, and welfare systems. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Five themes were identified: (a) child-related neurodevelopmental and behavioral challenges, (b) emotional and practical caregiving burden, (c) systemic barriers, including limited professional knowledge and fragmented diagnostic pathways, (d) coping strategies and family strengths, and (e) unmet needs and recommendations. Parents described fluctuating child functioning, chronic caregiving demands, and significant gaps in diagnostic and educational support. Conclusions: Adoptive parents raising children with FASD face substantial daily challenges compounded by systemic limitations. This study\u2019s findings underscore the need for improved professional training, clearer diagnostic pathways, FASD-informed educational practices, and coordinated multidisciplinary services. These results provide direction for policy and service development to improve support for families affected by FASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13050597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:46:11Z","timestamp":1777455971000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lived Experiences of Adoptive Parents Raising Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Israel: A Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zwilling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 3 Kiryat Hamada St., Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liat","family":"Hen-Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 3 Kiryat Hamada St., Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liat","family":"Korn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 3 Kiryat Hamada St., Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"476","article-title":"Les enfants de parents alcooliques: Anomalies observ\u00e9es \u00e0 propos de 127 cas","volume":"21","author":"Lemoine","year":"1968","journal-title":"Quest M\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91291-9","article-title":"Pattern of Malformation in Offspring of Chronic Alcoholic Mothers","volume":"301","author":"Jones","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard-Zabel, A.M. 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