{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:13:21Z","timestamp":1778274801624,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major complication of prematurity, yet no prediction model incorporating echocardiographic assessment of right ventricle (RV) function and pulmonary haemodynamics exists. This study aimed to identify clinical and echocardiographic candidate variables of BPD to inform the design of a future multicentre study for BPD prediction model construction. Methods: This prospective observational feasibility study recruited preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestation. Echocardiographic scans were performed at Day 5 and Day 9 postnatally. Candidate variables across six domains, clinical, RV systolic, diastolic, and global function, pulmonary-haemodynamics, and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) variables, were evaluated using Mann\u2013Whitney U tests and univariable logistic regression. Results: Of 40 preterm infants enrolled, 27 (68%) developed BPD. The BPD group had lower gestational age (median 26 vs. 30 weeks, OR 0.50, p &lt; 0.001), lower current weight (median 763 vs. 1200 g, OR 0.54, p = 0.002), and higher mean airway pressure (OR 1.86, p = 0.002). By Day 5, significant differences included higher normalised RV s\u2019 (OR 2.26, p = 0.042), shorter RVET (OR 0.49, p = 0.018), elevated RV-MPI-PW (OR 2.28, p = 0.019), shorter PAAT (OR 0.72, p = 0.047), and larger normalised PDA diameter (OR 1.70, p = 0.002). By Day 9, normalised RV a\u2019 (OR 1.93, p = 0.015), RV E\/e\u2019 ratio (OR 2.03, p = 0.033), and RV e\u2019\/a\u2019 ratio (OR 0.54, p = 0.019) additionally emerged. All infants with reversed anterior\u2013cerebral\u2013artery diastolic flow subsequently developed BPD. Conclusions: Clinical and echocardiographic variables across multiple RV-function, PDA and pulmonary vascular domains were identified as candidate variables for BPD, providing a conceptual framework for a future multicentre prediction model study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13050660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1778271073000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tissue Doppler Imaging, Pulmonary Haemodynamics and Conventional Echocardiographic Indices for Early Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Prediction in Preterm Infants: A Prospective Observational Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1978-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wisam","family":"Muhsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK"},{"name":"University Hospital Plymouth, Derriford Road, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Hosking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK"},{"name":"Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos M.","family":"Latour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Curtin School of Nursing, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8011-5999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirik","family":"Nestaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Postboks 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolesence, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, Nordbyhagen, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0127-7","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"5","author":"Goss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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