{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:10:47Z","timestamp":1779387047250,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To investigate the possible association between nasal obstruction and maxillary constriction using postero-anterior (PA) cephalograms in nontreated adolescents. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was performed by analyzing the initial PA of 92 subjects in permanent dentition (forty-nine males and forty-three females) who presented without maxillary constriction (control group) and with maxillary transverse deficiency (experimental sample), ages between 12 and 17 years. Patients with any previous orthodontic or surgical treatment of the craniofacial complex were excluded from the study. Linear and angular measurements were taken on PA cephalograms to assess nasal obstruction caused by turbinate hypertrophy and\/or the nasal septal deviation. Interval estimation of the prevalence of different variables within gender groups was calculated using the Clopper\u2013Pearson method with a 95% confidence level. The possible associations between maxillary constriction and the presence of nasal anatomical findings were assessed using odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: More females than males showed maxillary constriction, but the difference was not significant. Neither the association between maxillary constriction and turbinate hypertrophy nor that with nasal septal deviation reached statistical significance. Conclusions: The hypothesis was rejected. A deviated nasal septum could be slightly associated with a maxillary constriction. However, these results should be taken with caution due to the bi-dimensionality of the measurements on PA. In contrast, three-dimensional evaluations in a wider sample could provide further outcomes to be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13050673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:46:18Z","timestamp":1779381978000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Anatomical Nasal Obstruction and Maxillary Constriction: Study on Postero-Anterior Cephalograms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizia","family":"d\u2019Apuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Castaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practitioner, 80129 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagiovanna","family":"Ferraioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Fordellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Perillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valmy","family":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthognathic Surgery and Early Treatment Clinics, University of Detroit Mercy Graduate Orthodontic Program, Detroit, MI 48221, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(79)90252-5","article-title":"Cephalometric radiographs as a means of evaluating the capacity of the nasal and nasopharyngeal airway","volume":"76","author":"Holmberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. 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