{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:11:46Z","timestamp":1780513906727,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preschool wheezing is common, but distinguishing transient wheezing from early persistent asthma remains difficult. Oscillometric techniques, including impulse oscillometry (IOS), may provide objective prognostic information. Objective: To systematically review longitudinal studies assessing whether oscillometric measurements obtained at preschool age are associated with later asthma-related outcomes or lung function impairment. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost) were searched from inception to 28 February 2026. Eligible studies included preschool-aged children or closely related early-childhood populations assessed with IOS or forced oscillation technique (FOT), longitudinal follow-up, and later asthma-related or spirometric outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias with QUIPS. Owing to substantial heterogeneity, findings were synthesized qualitatively. Results: Seven longitudinal cohort studies, encompassing 1077 children, met the eligibility criteria; baseline oscillometry was performed between ages 2 and 7 years, and follow-up ranged from 1 to 10 years. Short-term classification and longer-term prognostic studies were interpreted separately. Resistance-based indices, particularly R5, showed the most consistent associations with later asthma-related outcomes and lower subsequent spirometric indices, including FEV1 and FEV1\/FVC. Most studies were at moderate risk of bias, and some reports came from related cohorts. Conclusions: Preschool oscillometry may provide complementary physiological information to assess asthma risk in symptomatic or high-risk preschool-aged children, particularly through resistance-based measures. However, evidence remains limited, heterogeneous, and insufficient to support a single validated cutoff, routine screening of apparently healthy children, or routine stand-alone prognostic use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13060756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:08:07Z","timestamp":1780510087000},"page":"756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preschool Oscillometry and Later Asthma-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4862-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafni","family":"Moriki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Maris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAgia Sofia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7108-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aspasia","family":"Mavronasou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 35132 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2082-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Dalamarinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despoina","family":"Koumpagioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5412-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Tsouprou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 1st Pediatric Clinic, Agia Sofia Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Grammeniatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, General Hospital of Ioannina G. Hatzikosta, 45445 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Kalogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Galani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni A.","family":"Kortianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 35132 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7632-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Douros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01450-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in the burden of asthma symptoms in school-aged children: Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study","volume":"398","author":"Asher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, M., and Denton, E. 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Care Rev."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/6\/756\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:35:09Z","timestamp":1780511709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/6\/756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children13060756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13060756","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}