{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:32:54Z","timestamp":1785407574683,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics","award":["XZYY-2025-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZYY-2025-04"]}]},{"award":["XZYY-2025-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZYY-2025-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zw6et16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82570794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82570794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82570794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82570794"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations of the male genitourinary system and is frequently accompanied by other congenital anomalies. Whether patients with associated malformations exhibit distinct endocrine characteristics remains unclear. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 323 hypospadias patients who underwent surgery at Capital Medical University Affiliated Capital Children\u2019s Medical Center between January 2020 and September 2024. Data on surgical age, clinical classification, associated malformations, and sex hormone levels were collected. Propensity score matching was used for between-group comparisons. Results: Associated malformations were present in 68 of 323 patients (21.05%), most commonly involving the urogenital system (75.00%). Cryptorchidism was the most common associated anomaly. The surgical age was significantly later in patients with associated malformations (median 3.34 years) compared to those with isolated hypospadias (2.42 years). Following matching, patients with urogenital-related anomalies had significantly elevated FSH and PRL levels (both p &lt; 0.05) compared with isolated hypospadias, whereas no significant hormonal differences were found in those with non-urogenital anomalies. Conclusions: Children with hypospadias and associated urogenital anomalies exhibited subtle differences in endocrine profiles compared with isolated hypospadias. These findings suggest that hypospadias with urogenital anomalies may represent a clinically distinct subgroup and support the need for further prospective studies and long-term endocrine follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13070867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:01:17Z","timestamp":1782813677000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Sex Hormone Levels in 323 Cases of Hypospadias With or Without Associated Malformations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haosen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4221-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pedaitrics,  Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital  Institute of Pediatrics,  Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3146-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital  Institute of Pediatrics,  Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital  Institute of Pediatrics,  Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital  Institute of Pediatrics,  Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2021.151080","article-title":"Hypospadias","volume":"30","author":"Kaefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2864-5","article-title":"Hypospadias, all there is to know","volume":"176","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27763-5","article-title":"Role of epigenetics in the etiology of hypospadias through penile foreskin DNA methylation alterations","volume":"13","author":"Kaefer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032098","article-title":"Lack of defects in androgen production in children with hypospadias","volume":"89","author":"Holmes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.12.002","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of hypospadias","volume":"12","author":"Springer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70090","article-title":"Epidemiology of hypospadias in China: A nationwide surveillance-based study, 2010\u20132020","volume":"14","author":"Zhiyu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.05.048","article-title":"Application of the STROBE statement to the hypospadias literature: Report of the international pediatric urology task force on hypospadias","volume":"12","author":"Braga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90583","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v13.i2.90583","article-title":"Optimal timing for plastic surgical procedures for common congenital anomalies: A review","volume":"13","author":"Goel","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e27544","article-title":"Hypospadias: A Comprehensive Review Including Its Embryology, Etiology and Surgical Techniques","volume":"14","author":"Halaseh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2025.06.001","article-title":"Investigating risk factors for hypospadias: Insights from a study in Eastern Algeria","volume":"32","author":"Rania","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.08.001","article-title":"Impact of gestational and parental factors and maternal intake of progesterone on the development of hypospadias: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"60","author":"Akay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"854","article-title":"Clinical features and pathogenic risk factors of hypospadias in children","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ped. Sur."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4110","article-title":"Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Hypospadias in Shaanxi Area from 2000 to 2015","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Gen. Pract. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2224152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.24152","article-title":"Prevalence and Clustering of Congenital Heart Defects Among Boys With Hypospadias","volume":"5","author":"Richard","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.11.015","article-title":"Patterns of co-occurring birth defects among infants with hypospadias","volume":"17","author":"Ludorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/MCD.0000000000000275","article-title":"Cardiac disorders and structural brain abnormalities are commonly associated with hypospadias in children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"28","author":"Gazdagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Dysmorphol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms002","article-title":"Aetiology of hypospadias: A systematic review of genes and environment","volume":"18","author":"Feitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.11910","article-title":"Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)","volume":"25","author":"Gozar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14614","article-title":"Growth, puberty and testicular function in boys born small for gestational age with a nonspecific disorder of sex development","volume":"96","author":"Tack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104119","article-title":"Endocrine outcome and seminal parameters in young adult men born with hypospadias: A cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Tack","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12723","article-title":"Fertility in adult men born with hypospadias: A nationwide register-based cohort study on birthrates, the use of assisted reproductive technologies and infertility","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004211017323","article-title":"The Variability and Determinants of Testosterone Measurements in Children: A Critical Review","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/7\/867\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:17:25Z","timestamp":1783052245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/7\/867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["children13070867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13070867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}}}