{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:51:31Z","timestamp":1785408691173,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101128946\u2014PODiaCar\u2014EU4H-2022-PJ-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101128946\u2014PODiaCar\u2014EU4H-2022-PJ-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["101128946\u2014PODiaCar\u2014EU4H-2022-PJ-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101128946\u2014PODiaCar\u2014EU4H-2022-PJ-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The widespread use of digital devices has significantly increased screen time among children and adolescents, raising concerns about its effects on dietary behaviors and health outcomes. This narrative review aimed to examine the relationship between screen exposure, unhealthy eating behaviors, and associated physical and mental health risks in pediatric populations. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with the final search updated on 30 April 2026. Studies involving individuals aged 0\u201318 years were included if they investigated screen time, dietary behaviors, obesity, cardiometabolic risk, sleep, or mental health outcomes. Observational studies, interventional studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were considered. Findings were synthesized qualitatively according to pre-specified thematic domains, with greater interpretive weight given to systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized trials, longitudinal cohorts, and large population-based studies. Results: Excessive screen time was consistently associated with unhealthy eating behaviors, including increased snacking, mindless eating, breakfast skipping, and higher consumption of ultra-processed and energy-dense foods. Digital food marketing and exposure to food advertising may influence children\u2019s food preferences and intake. High screen exposure was also associated with sedentary behavior, sleep disturbances, circadian dysregulation, and altered appetite-related hormones such as leptin and ghrelin. These pathways may contribute to, or be consistent with, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, although most evidence remains observational. Moreover, excessive screen use was associated with anxiety, depression, emotional eating, binge-eating behaviors, and body image dissatisfaction, particularly among adolescents. Conclusions: Screen time may represent a modifiable behavioral and environmental correlate of dietary habits, metabolic health, and psychological wellbeing in children and adolescents. Prevention strategies should focus not only on reducing screen duration but also on improving the quality and context of media use through family-based interventions, school programs, digital literacy, promotion of physical activity, and regulation of digital food marketing. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify causal relationships and develop effective prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13070887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Screen Time, Unhealthy Eating Behaviors, and Associated Health Risks in Children: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hellas","family":"Cena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4185-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory for Rehabilitation and Orthopedic Surgery (LAROS), Department of Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3896-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8113-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Taranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8120-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Patan\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Rehabilitation and Orthopedic Surgery (LAROS), Department of Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Guardamagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Rehabilitation and Orthopedic Surgery (LAROS), Department of Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8769-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Minardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Bellingeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asomi College of Sciences, School of Medicine, 1014 Pembroke, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3405-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Vandoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presta, V., Guarnieri, A., Laurenti, F., Mazzei, S., Arcari, M.L., Mirandola, P., Vitale, M., Chia, M.Y.H., Condello, G., and Gobbi, G. 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