{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:13:08Z","timestamp":1783696388916,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Myopia is projected to affect 50% of the global population by 2050. Its progression increases the risk of severe ocular pathologies, making it imperative to validate safe and effective non-pharmacological prevention interventions. Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of low-level red-light therapy (RLRL) and nutritional supplementation in preventing and controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261301596). Randomized clinical trials in pediatric populations (aged 0\u201318 years) were included. The primary quantitative outcome measures for myopia were axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE). Risk of bias (RoB 2) and heterogeneity (I2) were assessed. Results: 18 articles were included (n = 2438). RLRL demonstrated a significant reduction in axial elongation (mean difference (MD): \u22120.26 mm; 95% CI: \u22120.34 to \u22120.18) and a protective effect on refractive progression (MD: +0.60 D; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.78), although with high heterogeneity (I2 &gt; 97%). Nutritional supplementation exhibited a modest, non-significant effect on axial length (\u22120.22 mm; 95% CI: \u22120.44 to 0.00), acting primarily as functional support. Conclusions: RLRL slows ocular elongation and myopia progression. Recent studies provide reassuring evidence regarding its long-term safety when recommended treatment protocols are followed. However, the high heterogeneity among studies, the need for standardized treatment discontinuation strategies, and the limited long-term evidence in geographically and ethnically diverse pediatric populations warrant further investigation. Current evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a consistent clinically meaningful effect of nutritional supplementation on axial elongation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13070915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:14:25Z","timestamp":1783692865000},"page":"915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Pharmacological and Non-Optical Interventions for Myopia Prevention and Control in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Morras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, UPNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miren","family":"Paniagua Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, HUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Castro Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, HUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Moreno-Monta\u00f1\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Fernandez-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Moreno-Galarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, UPNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, HUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. 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