{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:53:45Z","timestamp":1785412425268,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003646","name":"National Health Insurance Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHIS-2021-4-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHIS-2021-4-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NHIS-2021-4-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHIS-2021-4-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05efm5n07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Although cerebral palsy (CP) is a leading cause of childhood disability, population-based data on long-term growth trajectories and domain-specific developmental outcomes remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of growth failure and neurodevelopmental delay, along with the associated perinatal risk factors, in Korean children with CP. Methods: We conducted a nationwide, retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Service. A birth cohort of 1,256,934 infants born between 2013 and 2015 was linked to claims and infant health screening data, followed through 2020. Longitudinal outcomes were assessed at 30\u201336 months and 54\u201360 months. Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for growth failure (height\/weight\/head circumference &lt; 3rd percentile) and developmental delay (K-DST score &lt; \u22122 SD). Results: The overall prevalence of CP was 0.18%. Outcomes for affected children progressively worsened over time. Specifically, the relative disparity in developmental delay between children with and without CP widened over time, with the adjusted odds ratio increasing from 30\u201336 to 54\u201360 months. In the multivariable analysis, CP diagnosis showed the strongest independent association with adverse outcomes. Regarding neonatal morbidities, hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) were associated with the most pronounced and persistent deficits across the overall cohort, independently of CP. The association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and developmental delay was attenuated and no longer significant at 54\u201360 months, whereas its association with growth failure persisted. Conclusions: Children with CP face profound and widening deficits in somatic growth and neurodevelopment throughout early childhood. Persistent growth failure, particularly in patients with HIE or NEC, underscores the critical need for early multidisciplinary nutritional intervention to mitigate long-term adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13070917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:34:44Z","timestamp":1783996484000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Nationwide Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0352-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Hoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Hwa","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Myunggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2001-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Woo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Myunggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Konyang University Hospital, 158 Kwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"A report: The definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006","volume":"109","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. 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