{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:05:30Z","timestamp":1784019930076,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures profoundly affected child and adolescent mental health, with increasing evidence of a rise in psychiatric symptomatology and healthcare burden. This study aimed to evaluate temporal changes in neuropsychiatric presentations before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a pediatric clinical population. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 505 children and adolescents referred to a pediatric neuropsychiatry service were included and stratified into three periods: pre-pandemic (n = 112), pandemic (n = 231), and post-pandemic (n = 162). Clinical and healthcare-related variables were retrospectively collected, including reasons for referral, psychiatric diagnoses, premorbid conditions, and pharmacological treatments. Comparative analyses were performed to identify temporal variations in psychopathological profiles and clinical management. Results: A significant increase in psychiatric symptomatology emerged in the post-pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period. In particular, eating disorders, mood disturbances, self-harm, and somatic symptom presentations showed a marked increase over time, presenting as recurrent and associated phenotypes that peaked or consolidated after the acute emergency. The pandemic period was primarily characterized by a greater need for psychopharmacological intervention, specifically driven by the clinical need to manage acute behavioral crises. Overall, findings indicated a persistent increase in the complexity and severity of neuropsychiatric presentations beyond the acute phase of the pandemic. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with substantial changes in pediatric neuropsychiatric presentations and treatment needs. The persistence of the increased psychopathological burden in the post-pandemic period highlights long-term mental health trajectories associated with the pandemic era. These emerging patterns of phenotypic complexity demonstrate that child and adolescent psychiatric services must transition from single-diagnosis models toward integrated care networks. Practically, strengthening community-based early intervention and creating rapid-access crisis support are essential to manage severe emotional dysregulation in the community and reduce acute psychiatric hospitalizations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13070926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1784016271000},"page":"926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Retrospective Study at a Single Center for Child Neurology and Psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6714-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Spoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences & Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Spoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Ruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Tartarisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8778-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Bruschetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Carolina","family":"Arminio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Maternal-Infantile Department, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Sferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Maternal-Infantile Department, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Span\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Maternal-Infantile Department, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"Briguglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Maternal-Infantile Department, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Cafeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8407-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Amore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3925-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambra","family":"Butera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Curr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Lizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ludovica","family":"Albertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1550-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Consoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2627-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziana","family":"Ceraolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 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