{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:02:20Z","timestamp":1785175340916,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), as well as neuromuscular conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), are frequently associated with emotional and behavioral difficulties that may affect children\u2019s functioning and family well-being. However, direct comparisons across these heterogeneous clinical populations remain limited. This study aimed to compare emotional and behavioral profiles across children and adolescents with ASD, ADHD, SLD, and DMD using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL\/6\u201318). Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study included 197 children and adolescents (ASD: 47; SLD: 50; ADHD: 50; DMD: 50) assessed at the Clinical Psychology Unit of the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Rome, Italy) between 2017 and 2024. Emotional and behavioral functioning was evaluated using the parent-report CBCL\/6\u201318. Group differences were examined using one-way ANOVA or Welch\u2019s ANOVA, as appropriate, followed by Tukey\u2019s HSD or Games\u2013Howell post hoc comparisons. Results: Significant group differences emerged for Internalizing Problems, Externalizing Problems, and Total Problems (all p &lt; 0.001). ADHD showed the highest overall emotional and behavioral burden, with 76% of participants scoring in the clinical range for both Internalizing and Total Problems and 60% for Externalizing Problems. Elevated internalizing difficulties characterized ASD and SLD, whereas children with DMD showed generally lower CBCL scores, although 26% fell within the clinical range for Internalizing Problems. Effect sizes were moderate to large (\u03b72 = 0.168\u20130.273), supporting the presence of both shared and disorder-specific emotional and behavioral patterns across heterogeneous developmental conditions. Conclusions: The findings highlight the heterogeneity of emotional\u2013behavioral profiles across neurodevelopmental and neuromuscular conditions. The use of a common standardized assessment framework enabled the identification of both shared and disorder-specific patterns, supporting the potential value of a transdiagnostic approach to individualized assessment. Future longitudinal and multi-informant studies are warranted to clarify developmental trajectories and improve the identification of clinically meaningful emotional and behavioral needs across heterogeneous pediatric populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13080996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:16:34Z","timestamp":1785172594000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emotional and Behavioral Profiles in Neurodevelopmental and Neuromuscular Disorders: A Comparative Study Using the Child Behavior Checklist"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Pia Rosaria","family":"Chieffo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Complex Operational Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women, Children and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Moriconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0592-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Delle Donne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Arcangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8222-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Marfoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Liberati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Settimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenno","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Vannuccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Veredice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operational Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operational Unit of Clinical and Emergency Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio Maria","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operational Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women, Children and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, 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