{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:52:07Z","timestamp":1792608727923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Restrictive diets are increasingly encountered in pediatric practice and may be adopted voluntarily or prescribed for medical conditions. Although they can support normal growth when appropriately planned, exclusion of nutritionally important foods may increase the risk of nutrient inadequacy. This narrative review examined nutritional deficiencies and laboratory monitoring in children following plant-based, food-allergy elimination, gluten-free, ketogenic, and protein-restricted diets for inherited metabolic disorders. Methods: Targeted searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were conducted through 30 June 2026 using pediatric, diet-specific, nutritional-status, and biomarker terms. Because this was a narrative review, the literature was selected and synthesized qualitatively rather than through a formal systematic-screening process; no fixed study count, duplicate independent screening, or formal risk-of-bias assessment was performed. Professional guidelines and position papers were prioritized when discussing monitoring considerations, while pediatric studies were used to describe dietary intake, biochemical findings, clinically manifest deficiency, and growth outcomes. Results: Nutritional risks differed according to the foods or nutrients restricted. Vitamin B12 and iron were major concerns in plant-based diets, whereas cow\u2019s milk and multiple-food elimination increased the risk of inadequate calcium, vitamin D, iodine, protein, and energy intake. Gluten-free diets were commonly associated with low fiber, iron, folate, and B-vitamin intake, particularly when refined, non-fortified products predominated. Ketogenic dietary therapy required attention to selenium, vitamin D, bone-related minerals, carnitine in selected patients, and linear growth. In phenylketonuria and related disorders, nutritional adequacy depended strongly on protein-substitute adherence and appropriate provision of essential amino acids and micronutrients. Across all dietary patterns, laboratory results required interpretation in relation to dietary intake, growth, supplementation, inflammation, medication, and the underlying condition. Across dietary patterns, inadequate intake, biochemical abnormalities, clinically manifest deficiency, and impaired growth were considered related but distinct outcomes. Conclusions: Nutritional monitoring should be individualized and based on the actual dietary restriction and clinical risk. The principal contribution of this review is a practical, risk-based framework that links the specific dietary restriction and adequacy of replacement foods with growth, symptoms, supplementation, and targeted laboratory biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13080998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:07:33Z","timestamp":1785244053000},"page":"998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Laboratory Monitoring of Nutritional Deficiencies in Children Following Restrictive Diets: A Narrative Review and Risk-Based Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Dobrijevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Stoj\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.07.003","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies in children on restricted diets","volume":"56","author":"Kirby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tummolo, A., Carella, R., De Giovanni, D., Paterno, G., Simonetti, S., Tolomeo, M., Leone, P., and Barile, M. (2023). Micronutrient deficiency in inherited metabolic disorders requiring diet regimen: A brief critical review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317024"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00554-3","article-title":"Potential micronutrient deficiencies in the first 1000 days of life: The pediatrician on the side of the weakest","volume":"13","author":"Panzeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madzhidova, S., and Sedrakyan, L. (2019). The use of dietary interventions in pediatric patients. Pharmacy, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy7010010"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Profio, E., Magenes, V.C., Fiore, G., Agostinelli, M., La Mendola, A., Acunzo, M., Francavilla, R., Indrio, F., Bosetti, A., and D\u2019Auria, E. (2022). Special Diets in Infants and Children and Impact on Gut Microbioma. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153198"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pic\u00f3, C., Serra, F., Rodr\u00edguez, A.M., Keijer, J., and Palou, A. (2019). Biomarkers of nutrition and health: New tools for new approaches. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051092"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa036","article-title":"Standardization of laboratory practices and reporting of biomarker data in clinical nutrition research","volume":"112","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.04.023","article-title":"Recommendations for Nutritional Assessment across Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Scoping review","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambrano-Villacres, R., Arteaga-Pazmi\u00f1o, C., Guevara Castillo, W.D., Herrera-Fontana, M.E., Dom\u00ednguez Brito, L.D., Becerra Granados, L.M., Recoba-Obreg\u00f3n, P.E., Rodr\u00edguez-Veintimilla, D., Bressi, V., and Andrade-Molina, D. (2026). The Seven Methods for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status\u2014ABCDEFG: Narrative Review. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/app16020845"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966512100001X","article-title":"Risks and benefits of vegan and vegetarian diets in children","volume":"80","author":"Kiely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouraqui, J.-P. (2023). Risk assessment of micronutrients deficiency in vegetarian or vegan children: Not so obvious. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092129"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70182","article-title":"Vegan diet and nutritional status in infants, children and adolescents: A position paper based on a systematic search by the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee","volume":"81","author":"Verduci","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1416-0","article-title":"Vegetarian diets in children: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Kersting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, D., Schwermer, M., Nowak, L., Naami, N., Zuzak, T.J., and L\u00e4ngler, A. (2025). Vegetarian diet and dietary intake, health, and nutritional status in infants, children, and adolescents: A systematic review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132183"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1547-x","article-title":"Vegetarian infant and child nutrition","volume":"170","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-019-0091-z","article-title":"Vegetarian diets in childhood and adolescence: Position paper of the nutrition committee, German Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ)","volume":"6","author":"Rudloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13492","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013492","article-title":"Vegan diet in young children remodels metabolism and challenges the statuses of essential nutrients","volume":"13","author":"Hovinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2572983","article-title":"Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian and Vegan Diets in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nutritional and Health Outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Lotti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kajiura, A., Ju, Z., Smilowitz, J.T., and Slupsky, C.M. (2026). Impact of Plant-Based Diets on Children\u2019s Growth, Nutritional Biomarkers, and Health Outcomes and Risks: A Systematic Review. Nutr. Rev., nuag072.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuag072"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12960","article-title":"Nutritional disorders resulting from food allergy in children","volume":"29","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8688-x","article-title":"Nutritional issues in food allergy","volume":"57","author":"Skypala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.09.012","article-title":"Elimination diet in food allergy: Friend or foe?","volume":"100","author":"Kotchetkoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargano, D., Appanna, R., Santonicola, A., De Bartolomeis, F., Stellato, C., Cianferoni, A., Casolaro, V., and Iovino, P. (2021). Food allergy and intolerance: A narrative review on nutritional concerns. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051638"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.01028.x","article-title":"Diet and nutritional status of children with food allergies","volume":"22","author":"Flammarion","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12348","article-title":"Impact of elimination diets on growth and nutritional status in children with multiple food allergies","volume":"26","author":"Berry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00700.x","article-title":"Nutritional problems related to food allergy in childhood","volume":"19","author":"Noimark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2023.23049","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence","volume":"58","author":"Aksu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasielska, M., Buczy\u0144ska, A., Adamczyk, P., and Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, U. (2023). Nutritional status of children with newly diagnosed food allergies. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101687"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1894","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Its Management: Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations","volume":"122","author":"Misra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, X.W., Li, L.W., Yang, H., and Wei, H.X. (2025). Vitamin D Is a Key Indicator Influencing the Parathyroid Hormone Level in Children 6\u201318 Years with Cow\u2019s Milk Protein Allergy. BMC Pediatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-06274-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Nardo, G., Villa, M.P., Conti, L., Ranucci, G., Pacchiarotti, C., Principessa, L., Raucci, U., and Parisi, P. (2019). Nutritional deficiencies in children with celiac disease resulting from a gluten-free diet: A systematic review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071588"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.05.003","article-title":"Nutrient deficiencies in children with celiac disease during long-term follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Kreutz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papoutsaki, M., Katsagoni, C.N., and Papadopoulou, A. (2025). Short- and long-term nutritional status in children and adolescents with celiac disease following a gluten-free diet: A systematic review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030487"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0119dza, A., and Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, A. (2023). Nutritional status and metabolism in celiac disease: Narrative review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155107"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballestero Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Varela-Moreiras, G., \u00dabeda, N., and Alonso-Aperte, E. (2019). Nutritional status in Spanish children and adolescents with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet compared to non-celiac disease controls. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102329"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.006","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in children with coeliac disease; a double-edged sword of both untreated disease and treatment with gluten-free diet","volume":"40","author":"McGrogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/1941406412440594","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in pediatric celiac disease","volume":"4","author":"Friedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infant Child Adolesc. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2023.11.001","article-title":"Diagnosing Iron Deficiency: Controversies and Novel Metrics","volume":"37","author":"Rusch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Use of Ferritin Concentrations to Assess Iron Status in Individuals and Populations, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/elena\/interventions\/ferritin-concentrations."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljada, B., Zohni, A., and El-Matary, W. (2021). The Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Disease and Beyond. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113993"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capra, M.E., Sguerso, T., Aliverti, V., Pisseri, G., Bellani, A.M., Berzieri, M., Montani, A.G., Esposito, S., and Biasucci, G. (2025). Gluten-Related Nutritional Challenges in Pediatric Subjects: Treatment and Beyond. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1709121"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n, E., Molero-Luis, M., Fueyo-D\u00edaz, R., Costas-Batlle, C., Crespo-Escobar, P., and Montoro-Huguet, M.A. (2023). The Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Disease: Critical Insights to Better Understand Clinical Outcomes. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184013"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1053\/jada.2003.50136","article-title":"A prospective study: Growth and nutritional status of children treated with the ketogenic diet","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz Herrero, J., Ca\u00f1edo Villarroya, E., Garc\u00eda Pe\u00f1as, J.J., Garc\u00eda Alcolea, B., G\u00f3mez Fern\u00e1ndez, B., Puerta Macfarland, L.A., and Pedr\u00f3n Giner, C. (2020). Safety and effectiveness of the prolonged treatment of children with a ketogenic diet. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020306"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2020-004275","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies in vegetarian, gluten-free, and ketogenic diets","volume":"43","author":"Andrewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111158","article-title":"Micronutrient supplementation needs more attention in patients with refractory epilepsy under ketogenic diet treatment","volume":"86","author":"Prudencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.26102.x","article-title":"Selenium deficiency associated with cardiomyopathy: A complication of the ketogenic diet","volume":"44","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2011.01172.x","article-title":"The effect of the classical and medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet on vitamin and mineral levels","volume":"25","author":"Christodoulides","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armeno, M., Verini, A., del Pino, M., Araujo, M.B., Mestre, G., Reyes, G., and Caraballo, R.H. (2019). A prospective study on changes in nutritional status and growth following two years of ketogenic diet therapy in children with refractory epilepsy. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071596"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Dahash, B.A., and Sankararaman, S. (2026, June 11). Carnitine Deficiency, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559041\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almannai, M., Alfadhel, M., and El-Hattab, A.W. (2019). Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183251"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofalo, V., Barbagallo, F., Cannarella, R., Calogero, A.E., La Vignera, S., and Condorelli, R.A. (2023). Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Bone Health: A Systematic Review. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1042744"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Al-Robaidi, K., Kankirawatana, P., Ashraf, A., McChesney, M., and Mohamed, I. (2024). Long-Term Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Bone Health and Kidney Stone Formation in Pediatric Patients, American Epilepsy Society."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148960","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1148960","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of nutritional status in children with GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome treated with classic ketogenic diet: A 5-year prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Leone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5603\/cnne.106223","article-title":"A two-year retrospective study on the impact of ketogenic diet therapy on nutritional status and growth in children","volume":"35","author":"Bartoszewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Neurol. Neurol. Dziec."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crosby, L., Davis, B., Joshi, S., Jardine, M., Paul, J., Neola, M., and Barnard, N.D. (2021). Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.702802"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, B., Botten, P., Richardson, K.P., Weaver, C., and Purohit, S. (2026). The Ketogenic Diet and Potential Micronutrient Risks in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Management: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071081"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70129","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.70129","article-title":"Classical and Modified Ketogenic Diets for Children and Young People with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Reflection of International Dietetic Practice and Best Practice Recommendations for Dietitians","volume":"38","author":"Schoeler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.06.006","article-title":"Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Classic and Modified Ketogenic Diets for Treatment of Epilepsy","volume":"117","author":"Roehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Daley, S.F., Masood, W., Annamaraju, P., and Khan Suheb, M.Z. (2025). The Ketogenic Diet: Clinical Applications, Evidence-Based Indications, and Implementation. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.015","article-title":"ESPEN micronutrient guideline","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assmann, M., Albrecht, I., and Fischer, T. (2026). Critical Nutrients in Ketogenic Diets for Infants and Children Under Ten Years of Age\u2014A Hypothetical Study. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101555"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.888S","article-title":"Laboratory issues: Use of nutritional biomarkers","volume":"133","author":"Blanck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3","article-title":"Disorders of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Alsharhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Sci. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couce, M.-L., and Vitoria, I. (2024). Nutritional management of patients with inborn errors of metabolism. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234154"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2025.109125","article-title":"European guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of phenylketonuria: First revision","volume":"145","author":"MacDonald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.218","article-title":"PKU patients on a relaxed diet may be at risk for micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"68","author":"Rohde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615586201","article-title":"Inherited metabolic disorders: Aspects of chronic nutrition management","volume":"30","author":"Boyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000342256","article-title":"Adherence issues in inherited metabolic disorders treated by low natural protein diets","volume":"61","author":"MacDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2019.02.007","article-title":"Nutrition management guideline for propionic acidemia: An evidence- and consensus-based approach","volume":"126","author":"Jurecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0130-8","article-title":"Proposed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of methylmalonic and propionic acidemia","volume":"9","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-8","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of tyrosinaemia type 1","volume":"8","author":"Leonard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12100","article-title":"Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders: First revision","volume":"42","author":"Burlina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10588","article-title":"The use of visceral proteins as nutrition markers: An ASPEN position paper","volume":"36","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9043-4","article-title":"Nutritional issues in treating phenylketonuria","volume":"33","author":"Feillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01391-y","article-title":"PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines","volume":"15","author":"MacDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.08.008","article-title":"Main issues in micronutrient supplementation in phenylketonuria","volume":"110","author":"Lammardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S49329","article-title":"Dietary intervention in the management of phenylketonuria: Current perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024063726046","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status and pathophysiology of growth retardation in patients with phenylketonuria","volume":"26","author":"Dobbelaere","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.03.024","article-title":"Nutritional and metabolic parameters of children and adolescents with phenylketonuria","volume":"37","author":"Laufer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadzadeh, M., Sohrab, G., Alaei, M., Eini-Zinab, H., Mohammadpour-Ahranjani, B., Rastgoo, S., and Namkhah, Z. (2022). Growth and nutritional status of phenylketonuric children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03715-2"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anton-P\u0103duraru, D.-T., Trofin, F., Chis, A., Sur, L.M., Streang\u0103, V., M\u00eendru, D.E., Dorneanu, O.S., P\u0103duraru, D., Nastase, E.V., and Vulturar, R. (2025). Current insights into nutritional management of phenylketonuria: An update for children and adolescents. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020199"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55780-9_18","article-title":"Dietary considerations in tyrosinemia type I","volume":"Volume 959","author":"Tanguay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hereditary Tyrosinemia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12370","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of methylmalonic acidaemia and propionic acidaemia: First revision","volume":"44","author":"Forny","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaber, R., Helwich, E., Lauterbach, R., Mastalerz-Migas, A., Matysiak, M., Peregud-Pogorzelski, J., Styczy\u0144ski, J., Szczepa\u0144ski, T., and Jackowska, T. (2024). Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children and adolescents: Recommendations of the Polish Pediatric Society, the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, the Polish Society of Neonatology, and the Polish Society of Family Medicine. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213623"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112160","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency in children and adolescents","volume":"138","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14886","article-title":"Calcium status assessment at the population level: Candidate approaches and challenges","volume":"1517","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.220079","article-title":"Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)\u2014Zinc review","volume":"146","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/8\/998\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:49:48Z","timestamp":1785404988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/8\/998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children13080998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13080998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}