{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:29:33Z","timestamp":1786526973462,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Over the past decades, the global onset of menarche has progressively advanced, driven by complex interactions between metabolic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Beyond its reproductive significance, menarche represents a critical developmental milestone that coincides with increased vulnerability to mental health difficulties. Contemporary determinants such as childhood obesity, early-life adversity, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may accelerate pubertal timing while simultaneously shaping adverse psychological trajectories during adolescence. Objectives: This review aims to provide a translational and clinically oriented synthesis of modern determinants of earlier menarche and their associations with mental health outcomes in girls and adolescents, highlighting implications for early identification, prevention, and integrated clinical care. Methods: We conducted a narrative review mapping a scoping literature search conducted using PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, and PsycINFO, focusing on literature from the last decade (2016\u20132026), with emphasis on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and longitudinal cohort studies. Evidence was synthesized across biological, psychosocial, and environmental domains. Results: Accumulating evidence indicates that higher childhood adiposity, psychosocial stress, and EDC exposure are consistently associated with advanced pubertal timing. Earlier menarche correlates with an elevated risk of depressive symptoms, anxiety, self-harm, and body image-related distress, although effect sizes vary across populations. Emerging longitudinal data suggest that the peri-menarcheal period represents a critical window for symptom exacerbation. These associations appear to be mediated by biological mechanisms (e.g., hormonal shifts, hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity) and social processes including peer-comparison dynamics and premature sexualization. Conclusions: Earlier menarche acts as a biopsychosocial sentinel event rather than an isolated gynecological milestone. Integrating mental health screening and anticipatory guidance into pediatric and gynecological care is essential for early risk detection. A multidisciplinary, equity-oriented approach is required to address both individual vulnerability and broader environmental determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13081068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1786521446000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modern Determinants of Earlier Menarche and Mental Health: A Translational Review for Clinicians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7058-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Marano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Head-Neck and Chest, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"d\u2019Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sorrenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianandrea","family":"Traversi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Head-Neck and Chest, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330290504","article-title":"Menarcheal age in Europe","volume":"29","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-115","article-title":"Determinants of menarche","volume":"8","author":"Karapanou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"113","article-title":"Williams Textbook of Endocrinology","volume":"12","author":"Vargatu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. Buchar."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.03.014","article-title":"Influences on the onset and tempo of puberty in human beings and implications for adolescent psychological development","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2022.04.009","article-title":"Trends Toward Earlier Puberty Timing in Girls and Its Likely Mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101300","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters and possible contribution to pubertal changes","volume":"33","author":"Fudvoye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2019.24.2.78","article-title":"Early-life exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pubertal development in girls","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s18","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1131","article-title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds and Mammary Gland Development: Early Exposure and Later Life Consequences","volume":"147","author":"Fenton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101579","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects on puberty","volume":"35","author":"Franssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1020","article-title":"Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: Evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides","volume":"16","author":"Charlier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noiman, A., Fryar, C.D., Saif, N., and Afful, J. (2026). Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Aged 2\u201319 Years: United States, 1960\u20131962 Through August 2021\u2013August 2023. Natl. Cent. Health Stat., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/174645"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Abdeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2006.0001","article-title":"Childhood Obesity: Trends and Potential Causes","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Future Child."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2018.23.4.182","article-title":"Early-life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals associates with childhood obesity","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00176.x","article-title":"Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns","volume":"6","author":"Janssen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartosiewicz, A., \u0141uszczki, E., Kuchciak, M., Bobula, G., Oleksy, \u0141., Stolarczyk, A., and Dere\u0144, K. (2020). Children\u2019s Body Mass Index Depending on Dietary Patterns, the Use of Technological Devices, the Internet and Sleep on BMI in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207492"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0287","article-title":"On the rising incidence of early breast development: Puberty as an adaptive escape from ectopic adiposity in mismatch girls","volume":"185","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.02.004","article-title":"Childhood obesity and the timing of puberty","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000431023","article-title":"Genetic Regulation of Puberty Timing in Humans","volume":"102","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0336","article-title":"Metformin Treatment to Prevent Early Puberty in Girls with Precocious Pubarche","volume":"91","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.920","article-title":"Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach","volume":"130","author":"Ellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2307\/1131166","article-title":"Childhood Experience, Interpersonal Development, and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Theory of Socialization","volume":"62","author":"Belsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghaee, S., Deardorff, J., Greenspan, L.C., Quesenberry, C.P., Kushi, L.H., and Kubo, A. (2020). Early life household intactness and timing of pubertal onset in girls: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02345-w"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122606","article-title":"Nutritional Determinants of the Timing of Puberty","volume":"37","author":"Villamor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010001461","article-title":"Diet throughout childhood and age at menarche in a contemporary cohort of British girls","volume":"13","author":"Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115738","article-title":"A Nested Case-Control Study of the Correlates of Early Menarche","volume":"132","author":"Moisan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02629-6","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between prepubertal childhood total energy and macronutrient intakes and subsequent puberty timing in UK boys and girls","volume":"61","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i45.5945","article-title":"Gut microbiota in women: The secret of psychological and physical well-being","volume":"29","author":"Marano","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marano, G., Rossi, S., Sfratta, G., Traversi, G., Lisci, F.M., Anesini, M.B., Pola, R., Gasbarrini, A., Gaetani, E., and Mazza, M. (2025). Gut Microbiota: A New Challenge in Mood Disorder Research. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040593"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u0103sinariu, O.E., Vintil\u0103, T.C., Vasiliu, I., \u0218treang\u0103, V., Rugin\u0103, A., Temneanu, O.R., Iancu, I.D., Ia\u021bentiuc, A., Jechel, E., and Florescu, A. (2025). Puberty Starts in the Gut: Intestinal Clues to Early Puberty-Rethinking Biomarkers in Pediatric Endocrinology. Pharmaceuticals, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010049"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Zhu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhu, C., Xu, D., and Wang, H. (2026). Unveiling the gut: Microbiota and derived metabolites\u2019 role in the rising tide of precocious puberty. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766234"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.114934","article-title":"Dietary Protein Intake throughout Childhood Is Associated with the Timing of Puberty","volume":"140","author":"Kroke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.5.446","article-title":"Relation of Childhood Diet and Body Size to Menarche and Adolescent Growth in Girls","volume":"152","author":"Berkey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moslehi, N., Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P., and Azizi, F. (2021). Longitudinal association of dietary sources of animal and plant protein throughout childhood with menarche. BMC Pediatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02670-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690303","article-title":"Diet, body size and menarche in a multiethnic cohort","volume":"79","author":"Koprowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(87)80003-9","article-title":"The association of dietary factors with the age of menarche","volume":"7","author":"Kissinger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460310001652239","article-title":"Socio-demographic predictors of age at menarche in a group of Colombian university women","volume":"31","author":"Chavarro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469400003212","article-title":"Trend in menarcheal age and socioeconomic influence in Bologna (Northern Italy)","volume":"21","author":"Veronesi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605978","article-title":"Determinants of age at menarche in the UK: Analyses from the Breakthrough Generations Study","volume":"103","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cej.0000220635.38847.6e","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle on the onset of puberty as determinant for breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Vandeloo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14711","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between childhood physical activity and age at menarche","volume":"108","author":"Calthorpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"446","article-title":"Predictive factors for early menarche in Taiwan","volume":"96","author":"Chie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc. Taiwan Yi Zhi"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e16130","article-title":"Factors Influencing Menarcheal Age: Results From the Cohort of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study","volume":"12","author":"Tehrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199110000-00010","article-title":"Leisure physical activity and age at menarche","volume":"23","author":"Moisan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14475","article-title":"Central precocious puberty: Recent advances in understanding the aetiology and in the clinical approach","volume":"95","author":"Maione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e47485","article-title":"Precocious Puberty: Types, Pathogenesis and Updated Management","volume":"15","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577891","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2025.2577891","article-title":"Screen time and pubertal development: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Bolormaa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2025.107281","article-title":"Melatonin secretion across puberty: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Andersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396318666220819145346","article-title":"Association between Sleep Duration and Early Pubertal Timing in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mozafarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.06.010","article-title":"Transdiagnostic psychiatric disorder risk associated with early age of menarche: A latent modeling approach","volume":"79","author":"Platt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.1.155","article-title":"Prospective Relations Between Social Support and Depression: Differential Direction of Effects for Parent and Peer Support?","volume":"113","author":"Stice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.073","article-title":"The influence of puberty on subcortical brain development","volume":"88","author":"Goddings","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladouceur, C.D. (2012). Neural systems supporting cognitive-affective interactions in adolescence: The role of puberty and implications for affective disorders. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00065"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.03.010","article-title":"Back to the future: The organizational\u2013activational hypothesis adapted to puberty and adolescence","volume":"55","author":"Schulz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21052","article-title":"The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain","volume":"31","author":"Blakemore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2178","article-title":"Pubertal hormones modulate the addition of new cells to sexually dimorphic brain regions","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-0626-F","article-title":"Puberty and the Onset of Substance Use and Abuse","volume":"114","author":"Patton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graber, J.A., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Petersen, A.C. (2018). Transitions in Drug Use During Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Transitions Through Adolescence, Psychology Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789286"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1994.02170080019004","article-title":"Timing and Rate of Sexual Maturation and the Onset of Cigarette and Alcohol Use Among Teenage Girls","volume":"148","author":"Wilson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09081190","article-title":"Outcomes of Early Pubertal Timing in Young Women: A Prospective Population-Based Study","volume":"167","author":"Copeland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x","article-title":"Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Stress Exposure and Reactivity Models","volume":"78","author":"Hankin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grogan, S. (2021). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women, and Children, Routledge. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003100041"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Sabbah, H., A Vereecken, C., Elgar, F.J., Nansel, T., Aasvee, K., Abdeen, Z., Ojala, K., Ahluwalia, N., and Maes, L. (2009). Body weight dissatisfaction and communication with parents among adolescents in 24 countries: International cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-52"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.12.001","article-title":"Does Body Satisfaction Matter? Five-year Longitudinal Associations between Body Satisfaction and Health Behaviors in Adolescent Females and Males","volume":"39","author":"Paxton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"149","article-title":"Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: Current perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Reel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adolesc. Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60366-3","article-title":"Pubertal transitions in health","volume":"369","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e092212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092212","article-title":"Pubertal timing, body dissatisfaction and self-image: A prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Tarif","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000106","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the association between pubertal timing and psychopathology in adolescence: Are there sex differences in risk?","volume":"143","author":"Ullsperger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1522-1","article-title":"Increasing rates of self-harm among children, adolescents and young adults: A 10-year national registry study 2007\u20132016","volume":"53","author":"Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.018","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Self-Harm in Adolescents: Meta-Analyses of Community-Based Studies 1990\u20132015","volume":"57","author":"Gillies","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.08.001","article-title":"Age at menarche predicts age at onset of major affective and anxiety disorders","volume":"39","author":"Tondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199712000-00026","article-title":"Is Psychopathology Associated With the Timing of Pubertal Development?","volume":"36","author":"Graber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2008.38.2.152","article-title":"Prevalence, Course, Incidence, and 1-Year Prediction of Deliberate Self-Harm and Suicide Attempts in Early Norwegian School Adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Larsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Suicide Life. Threat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200005000-00014","article-title":"Predictors of Adolescent Suicide Attempts: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study of Norwegian Adolescents","volume":"39","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.11.027","article-title":"Menarche, menstrual problems and suicidal behavior in Chinese adolescents","volume":"209","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2102","article-title":"Early Menarche and Psychopathological Symptoms in Young Chinese Women","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.004","article-title":"Association of oral contraceptive use with suicidal behavior among representative Korean population: Results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007\u20132016)","volume":"243","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0861-y","article-title":"Menarche and menstrual problems are associated with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.09.005","article-title":"IQ and adolescent self-harm behaviours in the ALSPAC birth cohort","volume":"152\u2013154","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.5.608","article-title":"Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls","volume":"37","author":"Stice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.168617","article-title":"Association of timing of menarche with depressive symptoms and depression in adolescence: Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"210","author":"Sequeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002095","article-title":"Timing of menarche and self-harm in adolescence and adulthood: A population-based cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2006.05.013","article-title":"Puberty and Depression","volume":"15","author":"Angold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9620-8","article-title":"The Role of Peer Stress and Pubertal Timing on Symptoms of Psychopathology During Early Adolescence","volume":"40","author":"Sontag","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2017.04.001","article-title":"Romantic relationships and nonsuicidal self-injury among college students: The mediating role of emotion regulation","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.033","article-title":"Reciprocal Associations Between Adolescent Girls\u2019 Chronic Interpersonal Stress and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Multi-wave Prospective Investigation","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03852-1","article-title":"Early menarche is associated with disordered eating\u2014Results from a National Youth Survey","volume":"98","author":"Dor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013001407","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with disordered weight-control behaviours among youth: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2022.101602","article-title":"Elucidating early pubertal timing effects on disordered eating symptoms in young adult women","volume":"45","author":"Shope","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16946","article-title":"Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"328","author":"Force","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20174081","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4081","article-title":"Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management","volume":"141","author":"Zuckerbrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/8\/1068\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:37:48Z","timestamp":1786523868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/8\/1068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children13081068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13081068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}