{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:25:46Z","timestamp":1787304346104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s7gtk40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may require topical rectal treatment for distal colonic inflammation. Rectal foams or rectal enemas can reach deeper bowel sections but are complex to administer, especially for pediatric patients with IBD. Furthermore, it is a challenge to visualize this administration process in a structured manner. We aimed to design a rectal demonstration model to enable the visualization of rectal foam administration and to assess the clinical risk potentially associated with detectable errors. Methods: A rectal demonstration model was developed, handling errors were defined, and their clinical risk was rated. The model was tested for rectal foam administration by 19 adolescent patients (aged 12\u201318 years). Results: A total of 12 observable administration steps, including their clinical risk, were defined by an expert panel of physicians and pharmacists. Seven handling errors were rated with a high clinical risk, such as \u201cNot shaking the spray can at all before administration\u201d. In demonstrations by adolescent patients, a median of three (Q25\/Q75; 2\/4.5; min\/max 1\/7) handling errors were identified. The most frequent error was releasing the pump dome too quickly after pushing down (11\/19, 58%). At least one error with high clinical risk (score: 5\u20136) was identified in 15\/19 (79%) of patients\u2019 administrations. Conclusions: The developed demonstration model facilitates the visualization of handling errors in rectal foam administration that would otherwise not be accessible in routine care. A high rate of clinically relevant handling errors was identified in adolescents. Prospectively, the model can be used to practice rectal foam administration and address patient handling errors to increase patient safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13081119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1787300041000},"page":"1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Pediatric Pharmaceutical Care: Development and Evaluation of a Rectal Demonstration Model for Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meike","family":"Ruschkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and Leipzig University Hospital, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Flemming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University Hospital, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University Hospital, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Bertsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University Hospital, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Greifswald\/Rostock, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Bertsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and Leipzig University Hospital, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina Patrizia","family":"Neininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and Leipzig University Hospital, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Greifswald\/Rostock, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.003","article-title":"Incidence, Prevalence, and Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States","volume":"165","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab029","article-title":"The Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Europe in 2020","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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