{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:21:00Z","timestamp":1787566860634,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Accurate assessment of skeletal maturation is important for timing pediatric dental and orthodontic interventions. This study compared bone age estimates generated by two AI-based programs, CRESCOM MediAI-BA and VUNO Med-BoneAge\u00ae, in Korean children and adolescents undergoing orthodontic diagnostic evaluation. Methods: This retrospective study compared bone-age estimates generated by CRESCOM MediAI-BA and VUNO Med-BoneAge\u00ae using left hand\u2013wrist radiographs from 200 Korean children and adolescents (100 boys and 100 girls; 6\u201317 years) undergoing orthodontic diagnostic evaluation. Chronological age and program-derived bone age were compared by sex and age group using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Standardized differences were summarized using Cohen\u2019s d, and Spearman correlations were calculated among chronological age, program-derived bone age, and the CRESCOM skeletal maturity indicator (SMI). Results: The standardized differences between chronological age and CRESCOM-predicted bone age were very small in boys (d = 0.143) and small in girls (d = 0.258). Corresponding differences for VUNO Med-BoneAge\u00ae were small in boys (d = 0.254) and girls (d = 0.216). CRESCOM SMI correlated strongly with chronological age (\u03c1 = 0.852), VUNO-predicted bone age (\u03c1 = 0.910), and CRESCOM-predicted bone age (\u03c1 = 0.932; all p &lt; 0.001). However, statistically significant age- and sex-specific differences were observed between chronological age and AI-predicted bone age and between the two programs. Conclusions: CRESCOM MediAI-BA may provide clinically useful adjunctive information for skeletal-maturity assessment; nevertheless, AI-derived bone-age estimates from different programs should not be considered interchangeable and should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings and established skeletal-maturity indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1787558621000},"page":"1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Two Artificial Intelligence Programs for Bone Age Assessment Using Hand\u2013Wrist Radiographs in Korean Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1373-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-ju","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, 33 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-won","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chaeumieum Dental Clinic, Ilsan-si 10544, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8395-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So-youn","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan-si 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation of skeletal maturation stages determined by cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist evaluations","volume":"76","author":"Burgess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.2319\/070605-217","article-title":"A comparison of hand-wrist bone and cervical vertebral analyses in measuring skeletal maturation","volume":"76","author":"Gandini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"236","article-title":"Ossification of the adductor sesamoid and the adolescent growth spurt","volume":"42","author":"Chapman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greulich, W.W., and Pyle, S.I. 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