{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:16:49Z","timestamp":1788229009866,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The CSPD Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease of childhood worldwide. Commercial baby food pouches have become increasingly popular because of their convenience and perceived healthfulness; however, their sugar content and characteristic feeding practices have raised concerns regarding children\u2019s oral health. This study characterized caregiver-reported commercial baby food pouch use, feeding practices, caregiver perceptions, and caries experience while considering implications for child oral health and public health policy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 caregiver\u2013child dyads attending the UCLA Children\u2019s Dental Center. Eligible children were aged 0\u20136 years and currently consumed commercial baby food pouches. Caregivers completed a structured survey assessing pouch use, feeding practices, brand preferences, and perceptions, and children underwent oral examinations to assess caries experience using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index. Results: One-third (34%) of children consumed at least one commercial baby food pouch daily, 32% consumed pouches several times per week, and 34% consumed them less than once per week. Pouch consumption frequency differed descriptively across age groups, with approximately one-third of children aged 0\u2013&lt;2 years consuming pouches daily compared with approximately 20% in each older age group. Children who consumed pouches by direct, child-controlled sucking had the highest mean dmft score (5.12), followed by caregiver-controlled sucking (4.50); however, age-stratified analyses found no statistically significant differences in dmft score distributions by feeding method, frequency of pouch consumption, or time spent sucking each pouch (all p &gt; 0.05). Two-thirds of caregivers (66%) reported providing pouches primarily during travel or transportation, and convenience was the most frequently cited caregiver-reported advantage. No statistically significant association was observed between caregiver education and pouch use frequency (\u03c72(20, N = 200) = 23.72, p = 0.26). The three most commonly reported pouch brands contained total sugar levels ranging from 95% to 162% of those found in a similarly sized serving of Coca-Cola, despite the pouch products reporting 0 g of added sugars on their Nutrition Facts labels. Conclusions: Among current pouch consumers, commercial baby food pouches were frequently incorporated into feeding practices throughout early childhood. The substantial total sugar content of commonly reported pouch products, caregiver feeding practices, and common perception as healthy products highlight opportunities for anticipatory guidance, caregiver education, clearer nutrition labeling, and public health policies that support healthier feeding practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Squeezed Out: Commercial Baby Food Pouch Feeding Practices, Caregiver Perceptions, Caries Experience, and Public Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6796-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Eshaghzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4187-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0375-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Sa-a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hong","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4822-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Public and Population Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ramos-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, August 01). 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[3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:23:50Z","timestamp":1788225830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["children13091174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13091174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}