{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:19:26Z","timestamp":1788254366965,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Assessment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires information across settings, but reports from adolescents, caregivers, teachers, and clinicians are often only partly concordant. This review synthesized cross-informant agreement and discrepancies in ADHD assessment among adolescents aged 10\u201319 years. Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC and Academic Search Complete were searched through EBSCO, together with PubMed and Scopus, on 19 July 2026. Eligible primary quantitative studies compared at least two independent informants assessing the same adolescent ADHD domain. Methodological quality was appraised with an adapted 11-item QAREL framework. Pearson correlations were pooled after Fisher z transformation using restricted maximum-likelihood random-effects models and Hartung\u2013Knapp\u2013Sidik\u2013Jonkman confidence intervals. Results: The searches identified 1447 records; 30 reports (282 outcomes) were included. Caregiver\u2013adolescent pooled r was 0.33 for inattention (k = 7, 95% CI 0.19\u20130.46; I2 = 88.1%; 95% prediction interval \u22120.07 to 0.64) and 0.32 for hyperactivity\/impulsivity (k = 7, 95% CI 0.12\u20130.50; I2 = 94.8%; prediction interval \u22120.28 to 0.74). Despite the positive pooled point estimates, both prediction intervals were wide and crossed zero. Caregiver\u2013teacher estimates were r = 0.29 for inattention (k = 4, 95% CI \u22120.02 to 0.55; I2 = 94.1%) and r = 0.27 for hyperactivity\/impulsivity (k = 4, 95% CI \u22120.03 to 0.52; I2 = 83.0%); both confidence intervals crossed zero. Diagnostic agreement was generally low and sensitive to impairment and consensus rules. Conclusions: Informant reports were positively related on average, but the magnitude of agreement was highly heterogeneous and imprecisely estimated. Wide intervals, including caregiver\u2013adolescent prediction intervals crossing zero and caregiver\u2013teacher confidence intervals crossing zero, indicate that little or no agreement remains plausible in some comparable settings. Reports should therefore not be treated as clinically interchangeable, and pooled estimates should not be interpreted as universal levels of agreement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:31:13Z","timestamp":1788251473000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Informant Agreement and Discrepancies in ADHD Assessment During Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7427-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Giannakopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afroditi","family":"Prassou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Directorate of Secondary Education of Athens, 171 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024065854","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-065854","article-title":"Tools for the Diagnosis of ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"153","author":"Peterson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000994","article-title":"Multiple informant average integration of ADHD symptom ratings predictive of concurrent and longitudinal impairment","volume":"33","author":"Martel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-016-9192-1","article-title":"Predictors of Informant Discrepancies Between Mother and Middle School Teacher ADHD Ratings","volume":"8","author":"Yeguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sch. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282916670797","article-title":"Informant Discrepancies in the Assessment of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"36","author":"Kennerley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718815581","article-title":"Assessing ADHD Through the Multi-Informant Approach: The Contribution of the Conners\u2019 3 Scales","volume":"23","author":"Izzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, D., Gigliotti, F., Colotti, B., Di Brina, C., Pisani, F., and Romani, M. (2025). ADHD Reporting in Developmental Age: The Role of the Informants. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12070914"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.533416","article-title":"Commentary: Definitely More Than Measurement Error: But How Should We Understand and Deal With Informant Discrepancies?","volume":"40","author":"Achenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child. Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038498","article-title":"The Validity of the Multi-Informant Approach to Assessing Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"141","author":"Augenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.483","article-title":"Informant Discrepancies in the Assessment of Childhood Psychopathology: A Critical Review, Theoretical Framework, and Recommendations for Further Study","volume":"131","author":"Kazdin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20192528","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Wolraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0302-9","article-title":"Evaluating functional outcomes in adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Development and initial testing of a self-report instrument","volume":"13","author":"Hareendran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00463-0","article-title":"Associated predictors of functional impairment among adolescents with ADHD\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2023.2174506","article-title":"Executive function measured by BRIEF in adolescents diagnosed and treated for ADHD: Problem profiles and agreement between informants","volume":"30","author":"Andersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2025.2506558","article-title":"Behaviour ratings of executive functions in adolescents with ADHD: Correlation with core symptoms and functional impairment measured by multiple informants","volume":"79","author":"Andersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-026-09115-4","article-title":"The construct components of self-regulation from a systematic review of self-regulation measures in children and adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Janicaud","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, S., Ma, J., Shakya, S., Br\u00f8ndbo, P., Handeg\u00e5rd, B., and Javo, A.C. (2024). Cross-informant ratings on emotional and behavioral problems in Nepali adolescents: A comparison of adolescents\u2019 self-reports with parents\u2019 and teachers\u2019 reports. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303673"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2022.2111684","article-title":"The Operations Triad Model and Youth Mental Health Assessments: Catalyzing a Paradigm Shift in Measurement Validation","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child. Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/10634266221119742","article-title":"Interpretation of Informant Discrepancy in School-Based Psychological Assessment of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Genachowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Emot. Behav. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2021.1944671","article-title":"What\u2019s race got to do with it? Informant rating discrepancies in neuropsychological evaluations for children with ADHD","volume":"36","author":"Wexler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000983","article-title":"Dimensional ADHD symptoms and executive functioning in adolescence: A multi-informant, population-based twin study","volume":"39","author":"Ketvel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00695-8","article-title":"Real-world changes in adolescents\u2019 ADHD symptoms throughout the day and across school and non-school days","volume":"48","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.53107\/nnjp.v6i1.145","article-title":"Functional Divergence and Indicators of Adolescent Psychopathology: Evidence of Situational Specificity in a Pakistani Multi-Informant Cohort","volume":"6","author":"Rohail","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat.-Nurtur. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.2002405","article-title":"Parent\u2013youth agreement on psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms: Results from an adolescent outpatient clinical sample","volume":"76","author":"Skarphedinsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12611","article-title":"Research Review: Multi-informant integration in child and adolescent psychopathology diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Martel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00605-y","article-title":"Parent-adolescent informant discrepancy on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in the UK Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"Booth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00f6ne, A.-K., G\u00f6rtz-Dorten, A., Altenberger, P., Dose, C., Geldermann, N., Hautmann, C., Jendreizik, L., Treier, A.-K., Von Wirth, E., and Banaschewski, T. (2020). Toward a Dimensional Assessment of Externalizing Disorders in Children: Reliability and Validity of a Semi-Structured Parent Interview. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01840"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"264","article-title":"Parent-Child Agreement on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID)","volume":"30","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Can. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.1078","article-title":"Strategies for Establishing Clinical-Decision Thresholds in Psychiatry: A Review","volume":"83","author":"Kotelnikova","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100617727266","article-title":"Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health\u2019s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)","volume":"18","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Rosales, A., Cortese, S., and Vitoratou, S. (2024). Measurement Invariance of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Criteria as Rated by Parents and Teachers in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293677"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720916839","article-title":"The Validity of Teacher Rating Scales for the Assessment of ADHD Symptoms in the Classroom: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Staff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.10.002","article-title":"The Development of a Quality Appraisal Tool for Studies of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL)","volume":"63","author":"Lucas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-005-0632-8","article-title":"Parent-Adolescent Agreement on Disruptive Behavior Symptoms: A Multitrait-Multimethod Model","volume":"27","author":"Hartung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000446","article-title":"Cross-Informant Disagreement on Behavioral Symptoms in Adolescent Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Impact on Treatment Effects","volume":"34","author":"Hennig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712443160","article-title":"Adolescent and caregiver reports of ADHD symptoms among inner-city youth: Agreement, perceived need for treatment, and behavioral correlates","volume":"18","author":"Hogue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.297","article-title":"ADHD symptoms in national samples of Turkish adolescents: Self, parent, and teacher reports","volume":"15","author":"Kaner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117693349","article-title":"Reexamining ADHD-Related Self-Reporting Problems Using Polynomial Regression","volume":"26","author":"Sibley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000265","article-title":"Concordance of parent-, teacher- and self-report ratings on the Conners 3 in adolescent survivors of cancer","volume":"28","author":"Willard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200206000-00006","article-title":"A DSM-IV-referenced, adolescent self-report rating scale","volume":"41","author":"Gadow","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"506","article-title":"Discrepancy Between Parents and Teachers in the Evaluation of Behavior and Educational Problems in Children and Adolescents","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199705000-00011","article-title":"Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data","volume":"36","author":"Cantwell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0119","article-title":"Informant agreement in the assessment of disruptive behavior disorders in detained minors in Belgium: A diagnosis-level and symptom-level examination","volume":"69","author":"Colins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199912000-00019","article-title":"Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary?","volume":"38","author":"Jensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479900300203","article-title":"Exploring different information sources for DSM-IV ADHD diagnoses in Brazilian adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Rohde","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022124900328","article-title":"Parent vs. self-report: Contributions toward diagnosis of adolescent psychopathology","volume":"21","author":"Hope","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903282733","article-title":"Psychopathology and symptom remission at adolescence among children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder","volume":"44","author":"Gau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0350-y","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescent school children","volume":"51","author":"Juneja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2013.05.001","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms reporting in Malaysian adolescents: Do adolescents, parents and teachers agree with each other?","volume":"6","author":"Baharudin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02308-3","article-title":"Pervasive versus situational childhood ADHD: Latent classes and their clinical characteristics, based on parent and teacher ratings in a large longitudinal population sample","volume":"33","author":"Frick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037864","article-title":"Parent-teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms across development","volume":"27","author":"Narad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708314620","article-title":"Inattention, hyperactivity, and oppositional-defiant symptoms in Brazilian adolescents: Gender prevalence and agreement between teachers and parents in a non-English speaking population","volume":"12","author":"Mattos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.3.260","article-title":"Observer effects and heritability of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms","volume":"180","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.02.015","article-title":"Agreement of adolescent ratings with mother ratings and teacher ratings of ADHD symptom groups: A correlated trait-correlated method minus one analysis","volume":"82","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705286050","article-title":"Hyperactivity and attention problems in a Swiss sample of school-aged children: Effects of school achievement, child gender, and informants","volume":"10","author":"Pierrehumbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000070241.24125.A3","article-title":"Clinical course of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder from childhood toward early adolescence","volume":"42","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001046","article-title":"The interteacher reliability of assessments of adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2703_9","article-title":"Agreement among teachers\u2019 behavior ratings of adolescents with a childhood history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"27","author":"Molina","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02229046","article-title":"Interrater reliability of teacher rating scales for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"18","author":"Danforth","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.05.026","article-title":"Are adolescent males or females more proficient self-raters of symptoms of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder?","volume":"187","author":"Frick","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.281","article-title":"Parent-child agreement and prevalence estimates of diagnoses in childhood: Direct interview versus family history method","volume":"18","author":"Rothen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.168","article-title":"Does parental ADHD bias maternal reports of ADHD symptoms in children?","volume":"71","author":"Faraone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zaslan, A., Song\u00fcr, \u0130.A., Demirci, S.C., G\u00fcrb\u00fcz, \u015e., Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, M., Kaya, A., Uras, M.C., La Rosa, V.L., Vehbi, A., and G\u00fcney, E. (2026). Examining the impact of ADHD, pharmacological treatment, and internet addiction on the parent-adolescent relationships quality. Front. Psychol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1761478"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1176\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:55:49Z","timestamp":1788252949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["children13091176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13091176","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}