{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:12:00Z","timestamp":1788862320488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Survival of infants born very preterm or with very low birth weight has improved without a comparable reduction in neurodevelopmental morbidity, and the exposures acting during neonatal intensive care are usually studied in isolation. We aimed to identify which prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors are independently associated, domain by domain, with neurodevelopment at 24 months\u2019 corrected age (CA) and with the composite outcome of neurodevelopment and survival. Methods: Single-centre prospective cohort of 146 infants (135 assessed at 24 months\u2019 CA and 11 who died between day 8 of life and the assessment) with gestational age \u2264 32 weeks and\/or birth weight \u2264 1500 g admitted to a level III unit (2018\u20132022). Neurodevelopment was assessed with the Bayley-III; a score &lt; 85, rather than the conventional &lt;70 being taken as pathological, was used, with the third edition yielding systematically higher scores. Eighty-one candidate exposures were screened; for each domain a primary composite outcome (score &lt; 85 or death) and a secondary survivors-only outcome were analysed by exploratory multivariable logistic regression. Results: Twenty-nine of 164 eligible survivors (17.68%) were lost to follow-up and did not differ appreciably from the analysed cohort (all standardised differences \u2264 0.10). Severe intraventricular haemorrhage was associated with language, sepsis and anaemia requiring transfusion with motor, and male sex and sepsis with socio-emotional development, whereas no covariate was associated with cognition. No nutritional, metabolic or postnatal-growth variable was independently associated with any domain, and no association survived Benjamini\u2013Hochberg control of the false discovery rate (optimism-corrected c-statistics 0.598\u20130.739). Conclusions: These findings are associations rather than evidence of causality; they are hypothesis-generating and warrant multicentre external validation and longer follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:02:24Z","timestamp":1788858144000},"page":"1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors Influencing Neurodevelopmental Outcome and Survival in Preterm Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Laccetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Di Chiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Gloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Regoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-6075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Caravale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Terrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244","article-title":"Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993\u20132012","volume":"314","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3448","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3448","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years for preterm children born at 22 to 34 weeks\u2019 gestation in France in 2011: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Pierrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323124","article-title":"Two-year neurodevelopmental outcome in children born extremely preterm: The EPI-DAF study","volume":"107","author":"Rijken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. 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